Category: #₿itHouse&Co

People’s Money

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F**k them !!! Enough !!!

https://youtu.be/Ol_gaQzJrNY

Merry X-Mass – Crypto Style

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Kudos to @ChessurKot

@ChessurKot Art

I 💚 it so much i had to share it !!!

Amazing poster and imagination !!!

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Bitcoin Taproot

Bitcoin Taproot Timeline

On November 14th, block height 709,632, Bitcoin’s Taproot upgrade was activated. The update brings with it improvements to the flexibility, security, and efficiency of bitcoin transactions. And as Bitcoin’s first protocol upgrade in over four years, it’s a major milestone in the development of the network. 

Below, we outline the Taproot upgrade, what it changes, and how it will impact the bitcoin network going forward.

Three interconnected upgrades, deployed simultaneously

The Taproot upgrade is actually an umbrella term referring to three interconnected Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs) set to activate simultaneously: 

  1. BIP 340, or Schnorr. This proposal introduces Schnorr signatures, a digital signature scheme that is faster, more secure, and less data-intensive than the cryptographic method currently in use (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, or ECDSA).
  2. BIP 341, or Taproot. This proposal defines Pay-to-Taproot (P2TR), a new way to send bitcoin that enhances privacy and flexibility for users. It also implements Merklized Alternative Script Trees (MAST), which compress complex Bitcoin transactions into a single hash. This reduces transaction fees, minimizes memory usage, and improves Bitcoin’s scalability.
  3. BIP 342, or Tapscript. This proposal defines Tapscript, an update to Bitcoin’s original scripting language that enables P2TR transactions, leverages Schnorr signatures’ improved efficiency, and allows for more flexible upgrades going forward.

Taproot adoption timeline

On June 12th, 2021, these upgrade proposals reached a 90% consensus among miners, thus locking in their November activation as a soft fork to Bitcoin’s protocol. As a soft fork, the Taproot upgrade is backwards compatible with older versions of bitcoin and does not create a separate, parallel blockchain, as was the case with Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. 

Adoption of taproot is expected to grow slowly over a period of years, just as it did with SegWit, the last major Bitcoin upgrade. Two years after SegWit’s activation, roughly 50 percent of transactions used it; today, four years after, that proportion is 80 percent. The main reason for this slow rate of adoption is that cryptocurrency wallets and service providers choose to opt-in on their own schedule.

Taproot’s impact

The Taproot upgrade will improve Bitcoin in a number of ways, such as:

  • Lower fees: Since the data size of complex transactions will be reduced, transaction fees will decline proportionally.
  • Improved lightning network efficiency: Taproot will make transactions on the Lightning Network cheaper, more flexible and more private.
  • Enhanced smart contract functionality: With Taproot, Bitcoin will be able to host smart contracts with any number of signatories while retaining the data size of a single-signature transaction. This lays the technical foundation for DeFi on the Bitcoin network.
  • And many others

In other words, the Taproot upgrade is a massive improvement to the Bitcoin protocol.

Lightning network improvements and expanded smart contract capabilities will improve bitcoin’s utility; meanwhile, lower transaction fees and increased network speed will improve its scalability. 

For this reason, we’re thrilled to welcome BIP 340, 341, and 342 at block height 709,632 and beyond.

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AltCoin Stores

ALT Coin Stores and Services List

This page is to promote actual stores and people who sell services for ALTcoins.

What is most important, is to spread the word and make people aware of the widespread adoption of the cryptocurrencies all around the globe and in all layers of life !!!

*Not Updated… Work in Progress...

Stores selling goods NexWave – http://www.nexwave.ca

Coin payments processed Coaex – Buy custom gold bars, gold bullion, silver and jewelry – http://www.coaex.com/ – BTC, LTC, DOGE, BC, NOBL, FTC   

CoinCable Mining Supplies    – https://coincable.com    – BTC, LTC, PPC, NVC, XPM, YAC, PayPal

Crypto Coin Wallet Cards    – http://www.cryptocoinwalletcards.com    – LTC

Register domain using Bitcoin and Litecoin    – http://www.lovingdomains.com    – BTC, LTC, NMC, PPC, NVC

Pay hosting with Bitcoin and Litecoin    – http://www.lovinghosting.com    – BTC, LTC, NMC, PPC,

NVC Amazonia Imports    – http://btcpipeshop.com    – 42, ANC, BTC, BC, BQC, CAT, CGB, DGC, DMD, DOGE, DVC, FRC, FRK, FST, FTC, GLD, LTC, MAX, MZC, MEC, NET, NMC, NVC, NXT, PPC, QRK, RED, SBC, SPT, STR, SXC, TRC, UNO, WDC, XPM, & ZET

WROL.INFO – Survival Supplies    – http://wrol.info    – BTC, LTC, FTC, NMC, NVC, TRC, XPM, KGC, RED, ORB, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC, QRK, ZET

NewsBam Usenet Services    – http://www.newsbam.com    – BTC, LTC, STR, FTC, NMC, PPC, NVC, WDC, TRC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, ORB, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC,

SXC Cryptobooks – Buy eBooks with with cryptocurrency    – http://www.cryptobooks.com    – BTC, LTC, FTC, PPC, DVC, SXC

Bitezze – Buy precious metals with cryptocurrency    – http://bitezze.com    – BTC, LTC, STR, FTC, NMC, PPC, NVC, WDC, TRC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC, SXC, ADT, MEC, ANC, ZET, NET, PayPal Passthru

CryptoDirect    – http://www.cryptodirect.cf    – BTC, LTC, FTC, PPC, NVC, WDC, XPM, IFC, DGC, ANC, QRK, ZET, NET, FRC

Cheap Miners – Cheap ASIC miners and accessories    – http://www.cheapminers.com    – BTC, LTC, XPM

Dahms Weinversand – German Wine Home Delivery    – http://www.dahms-weinversand.de   

4:19 Store    – http://www.419store.com    Crypto Game Keys    – http://www.cryptogamekeys.com    – BTC, LTC, NMC, PPC, NVC, WDC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, ORB, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, SXC, ADT, MEC, QRK, ZET, NET, FRK, COL, SBC

VPS City    – http://www.vps-city.com    – LTC, PayPal Passthru

Thermostats, actuators and controllers    – http://www.thermostatenshop.nl    – BTC

Electric heating appliances    – http://www.budgetheat.eu    – BTC

Romer and 2HEAT far infrared panels    – http://www.infraroodpanelen.eu    – BTC

Outdoor- and ramp heating    – http://www.opritverwarmingen.eu    – BTC

Ceramic heating elements    – http://www.keraheat.com    – BTC Distinguished

Imports    – https://distinguishedimports.com    – BTC, LTC, PPC

GameCardVN    – http://gamecardsvn.com   

Verbena Products – Family owned online store specializing in bringing our customers high end Health and Beauty products at very competitive prices.    – https://www.verbenaproducts.com    – BTC, LTC, PPC

Cryptocoin Stuff!    – http://www.cryptocoinstuff.com    – BTC, LTC, FTC, NMC, PPC, NVC, WDC, TRC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, ORB, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC, SXC, ADT, MEC, ANC, QRK, ZET, NET, FRK, COL, SBC, FRC

Retro Towers    – http://www.retrotowers.co.uk    – BTC, LTC, FTC, NMC, PPC, NVC, WDC, TRC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, ORB, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC, ADT, MEC, ANC, QRK, ZET, NET, FRK, COL, SBC, FRC

VPS4ME    – http://vps4.me    – BTC, LTC, FTC, NMC, NVC, WDC, TRC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC, SXC, ADT, MEC, ANC, QRK, ZET, NET, FRK

HostClub    – http://hostclub.me

WaterIdo – Healthy Water Revitalizer    – http://waterido.com    – BTC, LTC, FTC, NMC, PPC, NVC, WDC, TRC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC, ADT, MEC, ANC, QRK, ZET, NET, FRK, COL   

Sarasota Slot Machines    – http://sarasotaslotmachines.com    – BTC, LTC, IFC, MEC, PayPal Passthru

GRKreations Direct    – http://grkreationsdirect.com    – BTC, LTC, FTC, NMC, PPC, NVC, WDC, TRC, XPM, IFC, KGC, RED, BQC, CGB, DVC, CAP, DGC, GLD, YAC, SXC, ADT, MEC, ANC, QRK, ZET, NET, FRK, COL, SBC, FRC, PayPal Passthru

Mining Hardware    – http://www.mininghardware.co.uk    – BTC, LTC

DuinoBits – Arduino kits (UK & Europe)    http://www.duinobits.com    – BTC, LTC

Johnsbay Flooring Co. – Flooring Material including Carpeting, Wood flooring, Laminate, Tiles.    – http://www.johnsbay.com    – BTC

Hash Rate Store    – https://www.hashratestore.com    – BTC, LTC

Coin Gas – Steam game codes for alt coins    – http://www.coingas.com    – BTC, CAP, DGC, FTC, GIL, LTC, NVC, PPC, WDC, CGB

sauce4coins    – http://sauce4coins.com    – BQC, BTC, LTC, BTB, CGB, FTC, CAP, VNC, DGC, XPM (and others if you email them)

BottleCaps Store – Itunes cards and World of tanks tokens    – http://bottlecapstore.weebly.com    – CAP’s and LTC – Canadian Orders for Itunes only

cryptosextoys    – http://www.cryptosextoys.com    – BTC, CAP, DGC, FTC, LTC, NVC, PPC, CGB, SXC

dailybit – Daily special something new everyday – http://dailybit.net    – BTC, LTC, XPM, FTC,CAP, IFC, WDC, NVC, NMC, TRC, KGC, PPC, RED, STR, WDC, Peercoins and Paypal

REDCOINSHOP – Herbal pills remedies    – http://REDCOINSHOP.com    – RED

pythonpills- Male enhancement pill    – http://pythonpills.com/red    – RED

bitcoinprbuzz – Press Release services for crypto projects – Copy Writing and content creation – Business consulting    – http://bitcoinprbuzz.com    – BTC, DVC,BTC, CGB, LTC and FST

finite by design – Coins, Pendants etc    – http://www.finitebydesign.com    – CGB

cryptothrift – Online Thrift Shop    – https://cryptothrift.com    – BTC, LTC

Litehosting- Web Hosting    – http://Litehosting.org    – BTC, LTC, NMC, XPM

ltcasics – All kinds of gift cards    – http://ltcasics.com    – LTC AltcoinTIP    – http://reddit.com/r/ALTcointip    – BTC, LTC, PPC, NMC, FTC, and XPM

DirectVoltage – alternative energy retailer    – http://DirectVoltage.com    – BTC, LTC, FTC, PPC

Sex Stories    – http://erotica4sxc.tk/about-2    – SXC

Porn Database    – http://www.porndatabase.co.uk    – SXC

3D Porn    – http://www.lynortis.com/alt-coins.php    – SXC

coinaxis    – https://coinaxis.com/    – LTC

dvc4giftcards – Giftcards    – http://dvc4giftcards.us    – DEV

Bitcora – Bitcoin templates and themes – https://bitorca.com   

Epawnatl- Pawn Shop    – http://Epawnatl.com    – FRK, BTC

Etsyshop    – http://www.etsy.com/shop/InnovoDesign    – DOGE, IFC, COL,LTC

Open Source Solutions    – http://www.iquidus.co.nz    – BTC, MEC, LTC, Earthcoins

LEALANA PHYSICAL LITECOINS…and BITCOINS – http://www.lealana.com – LTC

Evonym – http://evonym.us/ -BTC, LTC, TRC, PPC.

Minecraft Server – https://alt-co.in/minecraft/ – GME

Sexslam – http://sexslam.com – RED

All Things Luxury – http://www.allthingsluxury.biz/ – BTC, LTC

7 Pay In – Pay for mobile and ISP services/ecash/WoT/Steam/whatever – https://7pay.in/ – BTC, LTC, CL and NVC

CryptFolio – CryptFolio lets you keep track of your cryptocurrencies – http://CryptFolio.com – BTC, LTC

Bananalizard.com – Video game store – http://bananalizard.com – BTC, LTC, CGB, XPM, paypal

Tagbond.com – Merchant site hosting – http://tagbond.com – BTC, TAG

Cleverpuffin – Web Hosting – http://www.cleverpuffin.com – LTC

Bitroad – Electronics from China including tablet, phones, surveillance, security and gadgets delivered worldwide in 3-6 days (express). – http://bitroad.co.uk/ – BTC, LTC

Get More Customers – San Francisco Marketing/SEO Company – http://get-more-customers.com and http://sanfranciscoseoagency.com/cryptocurrency/ – EAC

BitCoinPINS!! – http://www.bitcoinpins.com/ – EAC

Polish SEO company – http://dodawanie.com/ – EAC

FlightSchool! Commercial pilot and flying instructor – http://www.paul-bradley.com – EAC ribbit.me – http://ribbit.me https://coinpayments.net/

Tagbond.com https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=317408

This is a list of services and games that support LottoCoin (LOT): Services:

CyberSticker service: http://www.cryptostickers.com/

Reload Creative (app/web development service): http://reloadcreative.com.au/

Advertising pixels http://www.qugetser.com/lot-map

SEO Service http://sanfranciscoseoagency.com/cryptocurrency/

Games: CoinBomb: http://coinbomb.biz/lottocoin/

Lotto Game: http://lottocoin.org/lottogame/

Another Lotto Game: http://www.keezi.com/lotto/index.php

Lotto Dice Game: http://www.lottodice.tk/

Here is a list of shops/services/games that accept EarthCoin Iquidus Technology –

Open Source Solutions – 

http://www.iquidus.co.nz/

Get More Customers – San Francisco Marketing/SEO Company – http://get-more-customers.com

http://sanfranciscoseoagency.com/cryptocurrency/

BitCoinPINS!! http://www.bitcoinpins.com/

Polish SEO company http://dodawanie.com/

FlightSchool! Commercial pilot and flying instructor http://www.paul-bradley.com

Beautiful EarthCoin Paper Wallet Generator http://earthaddress.org/

EarthCoin Gaia Game http://gaia.l8.lv/

Logo Design http://logodynamic.blogspot.ca/p/sold-logos.html

Dice Game http://earthdice.tk/

LixNez Games http://www.lixnez.com/eacgames.html

EarthRoll Game http://earthroll.l8.lv/

Kissmyweb.com – We Build Websites – Simple! http://www.kissmyweb.com BTC and DVC accepted

http://scryptstore.com Gold & Silver – Paypal direct deposits and gift cards

Healthiverse – http://healthiverse.net

TuffWraps – Athletic Wrist Wraps   – http://tuffwraps.com

Crypto Alley – The Online Digital Currency Marketplace – http://www.cryptoalley.com

Cryptmint – Precious Metal Bitcoin Wallets & Physical Coins – http://www.cryptmint.com/

Devcoin Store – http://devcoinstore.com

Crypto Store – http://cryptostore.io

Armonie Sonore – http://www.armoniesonore.com

StickerzLab – http://www.stickerzlab.com   

Trade4Bitcoin – Comics and Collectibles   http://www.trade4bitcoin.com

Scryptcoin Store – http://www.scryptstore.com 

Fine Art Source – http://out-of-court-settlement.com

NitroBacku – http://www.nitrobackup.com

Cardz4Cash – Gift, Prepaid, Game, and VoIP Cards + more – http://cardz4cash.com

Vapeur Canada – http://www.vapeurcanada.com

DOGMA Portraits – http://dogmaportraits.com

Heat4Feet – http://www.heat4feet.net

BitcoinMetals – http://www.bitcoinmetals.us

DDoS Cover – http://ddoscover.com

Doge Host – http://dogehost.co.uk

Bit Electronics – http://bitelectronics.net/

http://quickbomb.com   RED https://dicenow.com

PXL COIN – http://www.pxlcoin.com/

Here is a list of sites that accept QRK:

http://www.petscoin.com/ – Animal/Pet store, Donations to Shelters

http://www.51attack.com/ – T-Shirt makers that currently accept 31 cryptocurrencies

http://www.chasinho.org/shop/ – Tea shop in Berlin

http://www.keepitwooden.com – Custom Wooden Shot Glasses (Accepts Coinpayments)

http://www.appsforcoins.com/?currency=QRK – Apple iOS Apps

143VPN – http://143vpn.com

SimRai Game Servers – http://www.simrai.com

CryptoHosted.com – http://cryptohosted.com

The Staking Machine – TSM – http://www.thestakingmachine.com

Vox – http://www.vox-game.com/buy-with-crypto-coins/

Upchurch Design – http://upchur.ch

BTC Headshop – http://btcheadshop.com

Bitcoin Sportscards – http://bitcoinsportscards.com

ThanksBitcoin.com – http://www.thanksbitcoin.com

Those shops/services accept payment using Graincoin (GRA), many of which through CoinPayments that support Graincoin:

Wood Shot Glass http://woodshotglass.com/

Tuff Wraps http://tuffwraps.com/

Computer hardware and consumer electronics   http://brownboxtech.net

WaterIdo – Healthy Water Revitalizer http://waterido.com

Xbox Gold 48 Hour Codes – 2 for $1 http://xbox48.bugs3.com

Iquidus Technology – OpenSource Software, Hi-Performance Hardware http://www.iquidus.co.nz/

Retro Towers – Gaming Hardware http://www.retrotowers.co.uk/

Stickerz Lab – French Sticker Decorations http://stickerzlab.com/

Pixcoin – Stickers for Crypto Coins http://pixcoin.com/

Crypto GameKeys – Buy CD Keys, PSN cards, PS3/4/Vita games http://www.cryptogamekeys.com ThanksBitcoin – a Bitcoin shop http://www.thanksbitcoin.com

Advertise Service http://cryptotiler.com/

Graincoin main thread at: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=361503.0

143VPN – http://143vpn.com

SimRai Game Servers – http://www.simrai.com

CryptoHosted.com – http://cryptohosted.com

The Staking Machine – TSM – http://www.thestakingmachine.com

Vox – http://www.vox-game.com/buy-with-crypto-coins/

Upchurch Design – http://upchur.ch

BTC Headshop – http://btcheadshop.com

Bitcoin Sportscards – http://bitcoinsportscards.com

ThanksBitcoin.com – http://www.thanksbitcoin.com

Wood Shot Glass : http://woodshotglass.com/

Tuff Wraps http://tuffwraps.com/

Computer hardware and consumer electronics   http://brownboxtech.net

WaterIdo – Healthy Water Revitalizer http://waterido.com

Xbox Gold 48 Hour Codes – 2 for $1 http://xbox48.bugs3.com

Iquidus Technology – OpenSource Software, Hi-Performance Hardware http://www.iquidus.co.nz/

Retro Towers – Gaming Hardware http://www.retrotowers.co.uk/

Stickerz Lab – French Sticker Decorations http://stickerzlab.com/

Pixcoin – Stickers for Crypto Coins http://pixcoin.com/

Crypto GameKeys – Buy CD Keys, PSN cards, PS3/4/Vita games http://www.cryptogamekeys.com ThanksBitcoin – a Bitcoin shop http://www.thanksbitcoin.com

Advertise Service http://cryptotiler.com/

Gamble with Altcoins http://www.coincasino.cc – Casino that takes many coins

http://www.litecointogox.com – Bet on LTC when it comes to GOX or coinbase – BTC, LTC, FTC,IFC ,KGC, NMC, NVC, WDC, XPM, STR, RED, TRC, Peercoin

http://cryptoblackjack.kicks-ass.net – BlackJack style game – GME, DBL, MNC, LKY, WDC, DGC, BQC, PXC, PPC, GLD, MEM, DMD, EZC, FRK, CAP, IFC, KGC, CSC, CGB, HBN

http://alt-co.in/slots.php – A Slot machine – FTC, WDC, DGC, CHN, LTC, BBQ, GMC

http://REDCOINCASINO.com – Various unique gambling games – RED

http://redcoinlotto.com – Lotto – RED

http://coinjack.com/ – BlackJack – RED

http://lotto.coinworld.us/ – Multiple coin lotteries – DGC, FLC, RED, MEC, EMD, ALF, CAP, CGB, IFC, ARG, LTC, CRC

http://litecoinkamikaze.com – LTC

http://fckamikaze.com – FTC

http://minikaze.com – MNC

http://bit-loot.com – LTC

http://www.litecoinlottery.com/ – LTC

http://rapidballs.eu   – 5 Minute Lotto site – WDC, XPM, TIX, DVC

http://litecoinkamikaze.com – LTC

http://fckamikaze.com – FTC

http://minikaze.com – MNC

Provably fair Litecoin Roulette – http://www.l8.lv/ – Single Zero European Style Litecoin Roulette.

Provably Fair! DogeCoin Provably fair DogeCoin Roulette – http://dogespin.l8.lv/ –

Single Zero European Style Dogecoin Roulette. Provably Fair! BlackJack style game http://cryptoblackjack.kicks-ass.net/

A Slot machine http://alt-co.in/slots.php

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If so, please consider a donation to help the evolution and development of more helpful articles in the future, and show your support for alternative articles.

Your generosity is 💚ly appreciated.

You can donate in any crypto your 💚 desires 😊

Thank you all for your time ! 🤗 !

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Bitcoin (BTC) :

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ


LiteCoin(LTC) :

LYAdiSpsTJ36EWCJ5HF9EGy9iWGCwoLhed


Ethereum(ETH) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856


EthereumClassic(ETC) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856


Cardano(ADA) :

addr1q88c5cccnrqy6xesszzvf7rd4tcz87klt0m0h6uvltywqe8txwmsrrqdnpq27594tyn9vz59zv0n8367lvyc2atvrzvqlvdm9d


BinanceCoin(BNB) :

bnb1wwfnkzs34knsrv2g026t458l0mwp5a3tykeylx


BitcoinCash (BCH)

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ


Bitcoin SV (BSV)

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ


ZCash(ZEC) :

t1fSSQX4gEhove9ngcvFafQaMPq5dtNNsNF


Dash(DASH) :

XcWmbFw1VmxEPxvF9CWdjzKXwPyDTrbMwj


Shiba(SHIB) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856


Tron(TRX) :

TCsJJkqt9xk1QZWQ8HqZHnqexR15TEowk8


Stellar(XLM) :

GBL4UKPHP2SXZ6Y3PRF3VRI5TLBL6XFUABZCZC7S7KWNSBKCIBGQ2Y54

Calculate Hashes/s

How can I calculate how many hashes I generate per second?

I have a function which generates hashes from a string:

string GenerateHash(string plainText);

I generate as many hashes as possible with 4 threads.

How do I calculate how many hashes (or megahashes) I generate per second?

Your problem breaks down nicely into 3 separate tasks

  1. Sharing a single count variable across threads
  2. Benchmarking thread completion time
  3. Calculating hashes per/second

Sharing a single count variable across threads

public static class GlobalCounter
{ public static int Value { get; 
private set; 
} public static void Increment() 
{ Value =GetNextValue(Value);
 } private static int GetNextValue(int curValue) { returnInterlocked.Increment(ref curValue); 
} public static void Reset() { Value = 0; } }

Before you spin off the threads call GlobalCounter.Reset and then in each thread (after each successful hash) you would call GlobalCounter.Increment – using Interlocked.X performs atomic operations of Value in a thread-safe manner, it’s also much faster than lock.

Benchmarking thread completion time

var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew(); Parallel.ForEach(someCollection, someValue => 
{ // generate hash GlobalCounter.Increment(); 
}); sw.Stop();

Parallel.ForEach will block until all threads have finished

Calculating hashes per second

... sw.Stop(); var hashesPerSecond = GlobalCounter.Value / sw.Elapsed.Seconds;

Did you find this article helpful?

If so, please consider a donation to help the evolution and development of more helpful articles in the future, and show your support for alternative articles.

Your generosity is 💚 ly appreciated 

You can donate in any crypto your 💚 desires 😊

Thank you all for your time !!!

✌ & 💚

Bitcoin (BTC) :
1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ

LiteCoin(LTC) :
LYAdiSpsTJ36EWCJ5HF9EGy9iWGCwoLhed

Ethereum(ETH) :
0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856

EthereumClassic(ETC) :
0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856

Cardano(ADA)
addr1q88c5cccnrqy6xesszzvf7rd4tcz87klt0m0h6uvltywqe8txwmsrrqdnpq27594tyn9vz59zv0n8367lvyc2atvrzvqlvdm9d

BinanceCoin(BNB)
bnb1wwfnkzs34knsrv2g026t458l0mwp5a3tykeylx

BitcoinCash (BCH)
1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ

BitcoinSV(BSV)
1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ

ZCash(ZEC)
t1fSSQX4gEhove9ngcvFafQaMPq5dtNNsNF

Dash(DASH)
XcWmbFw1VmxEPxvF9CWdjzKXwPyDTrbMwj

Shiba(SHIB)
0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856

Tron(TRX)
TCsJJkqt9xk1QZWQ8HqZHnqexR15TEowk8

Stellar(XLM)
GBL4UKPHP2SXZ6Y3PRF3VRI5TLBL6XFUABZCZC7S7KWNSBKCIBGQ2Y54

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Satoshi Nakamoto Quotes

CODE IS LAW

“ It might make sense just to get some in case it catches on.

If enough people think the same way, that becomes a self fulfilling prophecy.

Once it gets bootstrapped, there are so many appli­ca­tions if you could effort­lessly pay a few cents to a website as easily as dropping coins in a vending machine. ”

Get some in case it catches on

“ In this sense, it’s more typical of a precious metal.

Instead of the supply changing to keep the value the same, the supply is prede­ter­mined and the value changes.

As the number of users grows, the value per coin increases.

It has the poten­tial for a positive feedback loop; as users increase, the value goes up, which could attract more users to take advan­tage of the increasing value. ”

Potential for a positive feedback loop

“ Maybe it could get an initial value circu­larly as you’ve suggested, by people foreseeing its poten­tial useful­ness for exchange. (I would definitely want some)

Maybe collec­tors, any random reason could spark it.

I think the tradi­tional quali­fi­ca­tions for money were written with the assump­tion that there are so many competing objects in the world that are scarce, an object with the automatic bootstrap of intrinsic value will surely win out over those without intrinsic value.

But if there were nothing in the world with intrinsic value that could be used as money, only scarce but no intrinsic value, I think people would still take up something. (I’m using the word scarce here to only mean limited poten­tial supply) ”

“ A rational market price for something that is expected to increase in value will already reflect the present value of the expected future increases. “

Rational market price

” In your head, you do a proba­bility estimate balancing the odds that it keeps increasing. ”

Probability

“ I’m sure that in 20 years there will either be very large trans­ac­tion volume or no volume. ”

In 20 Years

“ Bitcoins have no dividend or poten­tial future dividend, there­fore not like a stock.

More like a collectible or commodity.“

Collectible vs Commodity

” [Lengthy exposition of vulnerability of a systm to use-of-force monopolies ellided.]

You will not find a solution to political problems in cryptography.

Yes, but we can win a major battle in the arms race and gain a new territory of freedom for several years.

Governments are good at cutting off the heads of a centrally controlled networks like Napster, but pure P2P networks like Gnutella and Tor seem to be holding their own. “

Pure P2P networks

” It’s very attractive to the libertarian viewpoint if we can explain it properly.

I’m better with code than with words though. “

Libertarian Viewpoint

” The proof-of-work is a Hashcash style SHA-256 collision finding.

It’s a memoryless process where you do millions of hashes a second, with a small chance of finding one each time.

The 3 or 4 fastest nodes’ dominance would only be proportional to their share of the total CPU power.

Anyone’s chance of finding a solution at any time is proportional to their CPU power.

There will be transaction fees, so nodes will have an incentive to receive and include all the transactions they can.

Nodes will eventually be compensated by transaction fees alone when the total coins created hits the pre-determined ceiling. “

Transactions Fees

” Right, it’s ECC digital signatures.

A new key pair is used for every transaction.

It’s not pseudonymous in the sense of nyms identifying people, but it is at least a little pseudonymous in that the next action on a coin can be identified as being from the owner of that coin.”

Pseudonymous

Bitcoin is a new electronic cash system that uses a peer-to-peer network to prevent double-spending.

It’s completely decentralized
with no server or central authority

New electronic cash system

Total circulation will be 21,000,000 coins.

It’ll be distributed to network nodes when they make blocks, with the amount cut in half every 4 years

first 4 years: 10,500,000 coins

next 4 years: 5,250,000 coins

next 4 years: 2,625,000 coins

next 4 years: 1,312,500 coins
etc…

When that runs out, the system can support transaction fees if needed.

It’s based on open market competition, and there will probably always be nodes willing to process transactions for free.

Open Market Competition

” I would be surprised if 10 years from now we’re not using electronic currency in some way, now that we know a way to do it that won’t inevitably get dumbed down when the trusted third party gets cold feet.

It could get started in a narrow niche like reward points, donation tokens, currency for a game or micropayments for adult sites.

Initially it can be used in proof-of-work applications for services that could almost be free but not quite.

POW applications

It can already be used for pay-to-send e-mail.

The send dialog is resizeable and you can enter as long of a message as you like.

It’s sent directly when it connects.

The recipient doubleclicks on the transaction to see the full message.

If someone famous is getting more e-mail than they can read, but would still like to have a way for fans to contact them, they could set up Bitcoin and give out the IP address on their website. “

Pay-to-Send Email

“Send X bitcoins to my priority hotline at this IP and I’ll read the message personally.”

Send bitcoin

You can securely control neither your land nor your digitally centralized financial assets without the help of government. Thus the locality & importance of legal ownership in these things. You can securely control your globally seamless Bitcoin without the help of government.

Nick Szabo

From the People For the People !!! Be your Own Bank !!! REVOLUTIONARY IMMUTABLE PUBLIC COLLABORATIVE OPEN RESISTANT DECENTRALIZED

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Bitcoin (BTC) :

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ


LiteCoin(LTC) :

LYAdiSpsTJ36EWCJ5HF9EGy9iWGCwoLhed


Ethereum(ETH) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856


EthereumClassic(ETC) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856


Cardano(ADA) :

addr1q88c5cccnrqy6xesszzvf7rd4tcz87klt0m0h6uvltywqe8txwmsrrqdnpq27594tyn9vz59zv0n8367lvyc2atvrzvqlvdm9d


BinanceCoin(BNB) :

bnb1wwfnkzs34knsrv2g026t458l0mwp5a3tykeylx


BitcoinCash (BCH)

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ


Bitcoin SV (BSV)

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ


ZCash(ZEC) :

t1fSSQX4gEhove9ngcvFafQaMPq5dtNNsNF


Dash(DASH) :

XcWmbFw1VmxEPxvF9CWdjzKXwPyDTrbMwj


Shiba(SHIB) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856


Tron(TRX) :

TCsJJkqt9xk1QZWQ8HqZHnqexR15TEowk8


Stellar(XLM) :

GBL4UKPHP2SXZ6Y3PRF3VRI5TLBL6XFUABZCZC7S7KWNSBKCIBGQ2Y54


Bitcoin and it’s History

Finance, like most human inventions, is constantly evolving.

In the beginning it was basic: food was traded for livestock, and livestock for resources like wood, or maize. It progressed to precious metal, such as silver and gold. And now, the next step in financial evolution has come to light.

This new form of currency has been constantly evolving over the past decade, developed by an unknown person and maintained by a collective group of the brightest minds in technology.

It’s a new form of money that is created and held digitally, and the most important part, of course, is that no government owns it, or decides its value – the peer-to-peer network community does.

We call this new money, ‘Bitcoin’.

Historically, U.S. currency has been based on gold – you could give a dollar to the bank and receive a set amount back in gold. In contrast, Bitcoin isn’t based on silver or gold – it’s based on mathematical proofs validated by a public ledger called blockchain technology.

Bitcoin is generated through a complex sequence of mathematical formulas that run on computers; the network shares a public ledger using blockchain technologies that record, and validate, every transaction processed.

A single institution, such as the government, does not control the Bitcoin network.

The idea behind the technology has always been – and remains – one of decentralization – that is, remaining completely independent of a central authority, like a bank, a government, or a country.

Anyone can access the open-source software that makes Bitcoin work, and its those individuals interested that maintain it.

But, who invented Bitcoin? Is it a valid and legitimate currency like USD? And why did nobody think of this before?

But before we begin, let’s talk about the creator of Bitcoin – or rather, the anonymous pseudonym that first published a concept.

How Did Bitcoin Start?

There are many questions about Bitcoin, but the most common one to be asked is, “Who created it?”

That answer is not straightforward, because the identity of the creator remains a mystery. All we have is a pseudonym – Satoshi Nakamoto.

The accounts are no longer active; the coins in his wallet have never been spent.

Satoshi Nakamoto has disappeared from the world, or so it would seem.

Fast Company recently published an article suggesting that Satoshi Nakamoto could be a group of people, including Neal King, Vladimir Oksman, and Charles Bry. Apparently, these three people filed for a patent related to secure communication just two months prior to the purchase of the Bitcoin.org domain. Perhaps it’s a coincidence; perhaps it’s not.

What we do have, however, are facts:

  • On October 31st, 2008, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” was posted to a cryptography mailing list, published under the name “Satoshi Nakamoto”. The whitepaper outlined the foundation of how Bitcoin would operate.
  • On August 18, 2008, an unknown person or entity registered the Bitcoin.org domain.
  • On January 8th, 2009, the first version of Bitcoin is announced, and shortly thereafter, Bitcoin mining begins.

The mystery that surrounds Satoshi Nakamoto is fitting; privacy was a key value for both Bitcoin, and its users.

Others have tried to claim his mantle – most recently an Australian man named Craig Wright, who has since withdrawn his claim.

While we may never know who first created Bitcoin, we do know that the technology he started has left ripples in the financial industry.

Bitcoin has risen to fame thanks to individuals such as the Winklevoss twins controlling and growing the market, and major events that have defined this new technology’s existence such as the Mt. Gox Ponzi scheme disaster.

The people involved and the events that occur are a constant reminder that this market is unregulated and seem to fall in line with Satoshi Nakamoto’s goal of creating a decentralized network.

What is Bitcoin Used For?

Currency must have value to ensure stability.

The most common way for a person to judge a currency’s value is what they can use it on; Bitcoin is no different, and a host of vendors and merchants now accept it alongside, or in place of, fiat money.

One early adopter of Bitcoin was the computer retailer Dell. In fact, when Dell started accepting Bitcoin, it became one of the largest companies to do so internationally.

While the digital currency may total for just a fraction of the retailer’s total transaction volume, there are other key reasons why the growth of Bitcoin could be aboon for the retailer.

Dell reported earnings of $59 billion during 2015. Traditional transaction fees range from 2 to 3 percent of the purchase price – with Bitcoin, it’s much, much lower, nearing non-existent – saving the retailer a lot of money in the future.

Other companies, such as Expedia and Cheapair, have also started accepting Bitcoin, along with technology conglomerate Microsoft : users can add funds to their accounts with Bitcoin to purchase apps, games, and other types of digital content.

The acceptance of Bitcoin is a strategic decision on the part of these companies, most of which are reaching out to solidify their position with tech-savvy audiences.

There’s a lot of benefit to Bitcoin, and a variety of reasons for its use, including :

  • Faster Payment: Accepting wire transfers and checks is time consuming, and it can take several days for payment to clear. Bitcoin is faster and can take a matter of minutes, rather than days to process payment.
  • Lower Transaction Fees: The cost to accept Bitcoins is lower compared to other payment methods, such as credit cards or Paypal.
  • Independent of Governments: Since Bitcoin is decentralized, you own it – no authority has the right to take away your Bitcoin. People with concerns about mainstream banking systems unravelling find this a major benefit.
  • Elimination of Chargebacks: Once Bitcoin is sent, that’s it – you can’t chargeback, like you would with a credit card payment, which eliminates ‘chargeback fraud’ often used by criminals and scammers.
  • Protection Against Inflation: With a fiat currency, the government can print as much money as it desires – this drastically decreases the value of currency, and may result in inflation. In contrast, Bitcoin has a fixed number – after they have all been ‘mined’, no more Bitcoins will be created. Scarcity is an important aspect of currency which protects it from inflation.
  • Ownership of Currency: With Bitcoin, you own your coins. With other forms of digital fiat – such as Paypal – your assets may be held, and your account eventually suspending, locking you out of your earnings. Bitcoin puts you in control.

Is Bitcoin a Commodity, or a Currency?

Bitcoin is both. While it can be used to purchase items from major retailers, it’s also treated as property by government jurisdictions, such as the IRS.

The IRS issued a guide on Bitcoin for tax purposes, stating it will treat virtual currencies as property for federal purposes. They go on to state that:

In some environments, virtual currency operates like “real” currency — i.e., the coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that is designated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance — but it does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction.

The notice provides that virtual currency is treated as property for U.S. federal tax purposes.

Typically, property is almost always something tangible that can be held in the physical realm.

The IRS goes on to state that:

General tax principles that apply to property transactions apply to transactions using virtual currency. Among other things, this means that:

  • Wages paid to employees using virtual currency are taxable to the employee, must be reported by an employer on a Form W-2, and are subject to federal income tax withholding and payroll taxes.
  • Payments using virtual currency made to independent contractors and other service providers are taxable and self-employment tax rules generally apply. Normally, payers must issue Form 1099.
  • The character of gain or loss from the sale or exchange of virtual currency depends on whether the virtual currency is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer.
  • A payment made using virtual currency is subject to information reporting to the same extent as any other payment made in property.

In addition to the IRS’s guidance, the United States Commodities Futures Trading Commission in 2015 that Bitcoin is, in fact, a commodity.

The Future of Currency

Bitcoin has garnered a lot of attention over the past decade, despite constant declarations of its death – 99 Bitcoins keeps a running tab of ‘Bitcoin obituaries’.

Despite all of this, Bitcoin’s future has remained bright. Greater adoption rates, and an increasing number of brands accepting the currency (you can get a full list qui) means the long-term view on Bitcoin is that it will see market maturity as time progresses.

Mainstream investing vehicles, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and Futures trading, including Bitcoin will be a major help to reaching that market maturity. Bitcoin Futures are already trading on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), and legislation to create a crypto ETF is in the works.

These securities will help stabilize cryptocurrency prices and mitigate volatility, which will help the public’s confidence grow in favor of Bitcoin.

It’s important to understand that, much like the early days of 1992, Bitcoin is a new technology – and new technologies can take decades to reach critical mass.

But, much like the Internet, no one wants to miss out on the ‘next big thing’ – and Bitcoin is the biggest thing yet. Constant updates are occurring to Bitcoin thanks to what is called a “hard fork”.

These constant updates ensure that digital currencies continue to experience growth through technological development.

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If so, please consider a donation to help the evolution and development of more helpful articles in the future, and show your support for alternative articles.

Your generosity is 💚 ly appreciated

You can donate in any crypto your 💚 desires 😊

Thank you all for your time !!!

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Bitcoin (BTC) :

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ

LiteCoin(LTC) :

LYAdiSpsTJ36EWCJ5HF9EGy9iWGCwoLhed

Ethereum(ETH) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856

EthereumClassic(ETC) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856

Cardano(ADA) :

addr1q88c5cccnrqy6xesszzvf7rd4tcz87klt0m0h6uvltywqe8txwmsrrqdnpq27594tyn9vz59zv0n8367lvyc2atvrzvqlvdm9d

BinanceCoin(BNB) :

bnb1wwfnkzs34knsrv2g026t458l0mwp5a3tykeylx

BitcoinCash(BCH)

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ

BitcoinSV(BSV)

1P1tTNFGRZabK65RhqQxVmcMDHQeRX9dJJ

ZCash(ZEC) :

t1fSSQX4gEhove9ngcvFafQaMPq5dtNNsNF

Dash(DASH) :

XcWmbFw1VmxEPxvF9CWdjzKXwPyDTrbMwj

Shiba(SHIB) :

0x602e8Ca3984943cef57850BBD58b5D0A6677D856

Tron(TRX) :

TCsJJkqt9xk1QZWQ8HqZHnqexR15TEowk8

Stellar(XLM) :

GBL4UKPHP2SXZ6Y3PRF3VRI5TLBL6XFUABZCZC7S7KWNSBKCIBGQ2Y54

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Anarchy Legacy

A Crypto Anarchist’s Legacy

Airfoil Dec 20, 2018

Timothy May on the cover of the second issue of Wired magazine with 2 fellow cypherpunks

Sadly, this past week we lost an icon that helped to spur the cypherpunk movement. Timothy May, who wrote The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto in 1988, lauched a movement that is still very prominent today.

For the uninitiated, a Crypto-Anarchist focuses on subverting the current laws and using new technologies to the benefit of the common man.

In the original manifesto, May says crypto-anarchy focuses on “encryption, digital money, anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero-knowledge, reputations, information markets, black markets, collapse of governments”.

The manifesto was written just before the first crypto wars began during the early 1990’s.

The governments of the world fiercely opposed the general public using cryptographic encryption protocols.

The idea that a normal citizen could completely hide what they say in an electronic message was their biggest concern.

The governments cited national security as a concern (We’ve heard this excuse used many times before).

Tim May was embroiled in the center of this alongside his group of fellow cypherpunks.

RSA Security, a leading computer securty company founded by world-renowned cryptologists, created this poster against a hardware chip that used a US-government supplied encryption standard

The legislation of the anti-encryption laws would also affect payment processing technology. There was a large push back from tech companies that would have to deal with these issues first-hand.

The crypto wars of the 1990’s ended with the concession from the government that encryption was readily available around the world.

The public had won their first bout against the government surveillance state. Alongside the public, you had the cypherpunks and large tech companies that were all fighting a common threat.

There was not much of an issue in terms of encryption for quite a few more years.

Every few years afterward, the idea of backdoors into encryption schemes were brought up but nothing ever came about these new ideations.

The Crypto Wars Redux

The expansion of computational power and development of more efficient processing equipment closed the gap as to who can gain access to encryption software.

The widespread availabilty of software/hardware that can perform these cryptographic calculations involved in encryption and the ease of use has made it possible for the layman to encrypt their own personal messages, video calls,emails, and notes.

Encrypting an email with someone who has never imported a key to their keyring, or generated their own PGP public/private key pair is a thing of the past.

Many of the services that exist today offer these solutions out of the box. The process has become much easier for all parties involved.

Anyone that is now using this technology benefits from this on a privacy and security level.

With all parties benefitting, the leviathan rears its head once more. Australia has passed an anti-encryption bill that will force large tech companies to allow the Australian government to obtain hardware access(citing national security as a major reason).

Outrage has spilled out of the larger tech companies. The end-to-end zero knowledge messaging/calling app, Signal, has taken a stand against this bill.

This sounds very similar to the issues Tim May was battling with during the early days of the First Crypto War.

The cypherpunks came out on top and I’m sure this legislation will face a similar fate.

May’s Impact on the World

The imprint that Timothy May left on the world is profound. The mass adoption of encryption as well as cryptocurrencies shows just how far ahead of the times he was.

May urged the importance of privacy.

He insisted on the use of encryption to keep your communications private.

Currently on a majority of mobile phones there are applications that provide encrypted communications. Whatsapp uses the Signal protocol which was developed by cypherpunk Moxie Marlinspike.

The rise of cryptocurrencies is an ideal that May was very hopeful for.

May did come out against the anti-privacy issues of bitcoin.

There are projects that offer solutions for this privacy debate.

Much of the developer-base of these certain cryptocurrencies have their foundation based in the cypherpunk tradition.

The Cryptocurrencies that aim for a privacy by default mechanism are monero and the soon to launch GRIN which uses the Mimblewimble Protocol (To see an extremely entertaining introduction to the GRIN project via talk-to-text chat for privacy preservation, listen to the creator of Grin).

Zcash is moving in the direction of private by default and the superior cryptography of the ZK range proofs will help to create a very private cryptocurrency.

Cody WIlson and Amir Taaki who worked on projects focused on the crypto-anarchic tradition including Dark Wallet and Defense Distributed

The impact Tim May made on the world by helping to create a social movement shows the importance and strength of his ideals.

He has impacted a generation of people that are growing up in the digital age.

He influenced builders in the 21st century.

You have people creating new currencies, exposing government surveillance on a national scale, circumventing the broken bueracratic system by creating their own markets, anonymous internet protocols, as well as making encryption applicable to the common man (You can find a list of prominent cypherpunks here and also here).

There isn’t enough that can be said about the applications in which he believed could positively affect us.

May was cognizant of the encroaching all-seeing eye of the state but I believe we are in much better shape now than we’ve ever been.

There may be negative news about what we currently face as individuals, from the unprecedented surveillance of the Snowden leaks to the aforementioned Australian anti-encryption bill, but looking at the grand scheme of our daily lives, these tools and their functions have helped to create a much better day than May could have imagined in 1988.

He was a proponent for the industriousness of human nature to outpace the slow moving regulation that would try to bog down any progress.

You can listen here to what he thought people/creators should do when they develop ground breaking technology.

Arise, you have nothing to lose but your barbed wire fences!

Timothy C. May – “The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto”

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Return on Investment (ROI)

What Is Return on Investment (ROI)?

Return on investment (ROI) is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments.

ROI tries to directly measure the amount of return on a particular investment, relative to the investment’s cost.

To calculate ROI, the benefit (or return) of an investment is divided by the cost of the investment. The result is expressed as a percentage or a ratio.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

  • Return on Investment (ROI) is a popular profitability metric used to evaluate how well an investment has performed.
  • ROI is expressed as a percentage and is calculated by dividing an investment’s net profit (or loss) by its initial cost or outlay.
  • ROI can be used to make apples-to-apples comparisons and rank investments in different projects or assets.
  • ROI does not take into account the holding period or passage of time, and so it can miss opportunity costs of investing elsewhere.

How to Calculate Return on Investment (ROI)

The return on investment (ROI) formula is as follows:

“Current Value of Investment” refers to the proceeds obtained from the sale of the investment of interest. Because ROI is measured as a percentage, it can be easily compared with returns from other investments, allowing one to measure a variety of types of investments against one another.

Understanding Return On Investment (ROI)

ROI is a popular metric because of its versatility and simplicity. Essentially, ROI can be used as a rudimentary gauge of an investment’s profitability. This could be the ROI on a stock investment, the ROI a company expects on expanding a factory, or the ROI generated in a real estate transaction.

The calculation itself is not too complicated, and it is relatively easy to interpret for its wide range of applications. If an investment’s ROI is net positive, it is probably worthwhile. But if other opportunities with higher ROIs are available, these signals can help investors eliminate or select the best options.

Likewise, investors should avoid negative ROIs, which imply a net loss.

For example, suppose Bill invested $1,000 in New Wave AI Corp. in 2017 and sold the shares for a total of $1,200 one year later.

To calculate the return on this investment, divide the net profits ($1,200 – $1,000 = $200) by the investment cost ($1,000), for a ROI of $200/$1,000, or 20%.

With this information, one could compare the investment in New Wave AI with any other projects.

Suppose Bill also invested $2,000 in Web Pirates Inc. in 2014 and sold the shares for a total of $2,800 in 2017. The ROI on Bill’s holdings in Web Pirates would be $800/$2,000, or 40%.

Limitations of Return on Investment (ROI)

Examples like Bill’s (above) reveal some limitations of using ROI, particularly when comparing investments. While the ROI of Jo’s second investment was twice that of the first investment, the time between Jo’s purchase and sale was one year for the first investment but three years for the second.

Bill could adjust the ROI of the multi-year investment accordingly. Since the total ROI was 40%, to obtain the average annual ROI, Bill could divide 40% by 3 to yield 13.33% annualized.

With this adjustment, it appears that although Bill’s second investment earned more profit, the first investment was actually the more efficient choice.

ROI can be used in conjunction with the rate of return (RoR), which takes into account a project’s time frame.

One may also use net present value (NPV), which accounts for differences in the value of money over time, due to inflation.

The application of NPV when calculating the RoR is often called the real rate of return.

Developments in Return On Investment (ROI)

Recently, certain investors and businesses have taken an interest in the development of a new form of the ROI metric, called “social return on investment,” or SROI.

SROI was initially developed in the late 1990s and takes into account broader impacts of projects using extra-financial value (i.e., social and environmental metrics not currently reflected in conventional financial accounts).1

SROI helps understand the value proposition of certain environmental social and governance (ESG) criteria used in socially responsible investing (SRI) practices. For instance, a company may decide to recycle water in its factories and replace its lighting with all LED bulbs. These undertakings have an immediate cost that may negatively impact traditional ROI—however, the net benefit to society and the environment could lead to a positive SROI.

There are several other new flavors of ROI that have been developed for particular purposes. Social media statistics ROI pinpoints the effectiveness of social media campaigns—for example how many clicks or likes are generated for a unit of effort. Similarly, marketing statistics ROI tries to identify the return attributable to advertising or marketing campaigns.

So-called learning ROI relates to the amount of information learned and retained as a return on education or skills training.

As the world progresses and the economy changes, several other niche forms of ROI are sure to be developed in the future.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do you calculate return on investment (ROI)?

Return on investment (ROI) is calculated by dividing the profit earned on an investment by the cost of that investment.

For instance, an investment with a profit of $100 and a cost of $100 would have a ROI of 1, or 100% when expressed as a percentage.

Although ROI is a quick and easy way to estimate the success of an investment, it has some serious limitations.

For instance, ROI fails to reflect the time value of money, and it can be difficult to meaningfully compare ROIs because some investments will take longer to generate a profit than others.

For this reason, professional investors tend to use other metrics, such as net present value (NPV) or the internal rate of return (IRR).

What is a good ROI?

What qualifies as a “good” ROI will depend on factors such as the risk tolerance of the investor and the time required for the investment to generate a return.

All else being equal, investors who are more risk-averse will likely accept lower ROIs in exchange for taking less risk.

Likewise, investments that take longer to pay off will generally require a higher ROI in order to be attractive to investors.

What industries have the highest ROI?

Historically, the average ROI for the S&P 500 has been about 10% per year. Within that, though, there can be considerable variation depending on the industry.

For instance, during 2020, technology companies such as Apple Inc., Microsoft Corp., and Amzon.com Inc. generated annual returns well above this 10% threshold.

Meanwhile, companies in other industries, such as energy companies and utilities, generated much lower ROIs and in some cases faced losses year-over-year.

Over time, it is normal for the average ROI of an industry to shift due to factors such as increased competition, technological changes, and shifts in consumer preferences.

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