Stages of the Truth



Arthur Schopenhauer 22 February 1788 โ€“ 21 September 1860) was a German  philosopher.

He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation  (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind noumenal will.

Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism.

He was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance.

His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism.

Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, Schopenhauer had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophyliterature, and science.

His writing onย aesthetics,ย morality, andย psychologyย have influenced many thinkers and artists.

Those who have cited his influence include philosophersย Emil Cioran,ย Friedrich Nietzsche andย Ludwig Wittgenstein, scientistsย Erwin Schrรถdingerย andย Albert Einstein, psychoanalystsย Sigmund Freud andย Carl Jung, writersย Leo Tolstoy, Herman Melville, Thomas Mann,ย Hermann Hesse, Machado de Assis, Jorge Luis Borges,ย Marcel Proust andย Samuel Beckett, and composersย Richard Wagner, Johannes Brahms, Arnold Schoenberg andย Gustav Mahler.



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