Bitcoin surges after accidentally released Treasury statement
Prices of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have soared following the apparent accidental release of a U.S. Treasury statement on Bidenโs expected executive order on digital assets.
The premature statement by Treasury Secretary Yellen, which was dated March 9, hasย since been removed.
โPresident Bidenโs historic executive order calls for a coordinated and comprehensive approach to digital asset policy.ย This approach will support responsible innovation that could result in substantial benefits for the nation, consumers, and businesses.ย
It will also address risks related to illicit finance, protecting consumers and investors, and preventing threats to the financial system and broader economy.โ
Quote from the now deleted statement
At the time of writing, Bitcoin is up nearly 8% in the last 24 hours.
Bidenโs executive order aims to regulate the crypto market while also reaping the benefits of digital currencies.
So far, like most countries in the world, the US has tended to react to developments and has limited itself to pointing to a political-economic approach that is yet to be developed.
Statement by Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen on President Biden’s Executive Order on Digital Assets
March 9, 2022
WASHINGTON –ย U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen released the following statement on President Biden’s executive order on digital assets.ย
“President Bidenโs historic executive order calls for a coordinated and comprehensive approach to digital asset policy.ย This approach will support responsible innovation that could result in substantial benefits for the nation, consumers, and businesses.ย It will also address risks related to illicit finance, protecting consumers and investors, and preventing threats to the financial system and broader economy.
Under the executive order, Treasury will partner with interagency colleagues to produce a report on the future of money and payment systems. Weโll also convene the Financial Stability Oversight Council to evaluate the potential financial stability risks of digital assets and assess whether appropriate safeguards are in place. And, because the questions raised by digital assets often have important cross-border dimensions, weโll work with our international partners to promote robust standards and a level playing field.
This work will complement ongoing efforts by Treasury. Already, the Department has worked with the Presidentโs Working Group on Financial Markets, the FDIC, and OCC to study one particular kind of digital asset โ stablecoinsโ and to make recommendations. Under the executive order, Treasury and interagency partners will build upon the recently published National Risk Assessments, which identify key illicit financing risks associated with digital assets.ย
As we take on this important work, weโll be guided by consumer and investor protection groups, market participants, and other leading experts. ย Treasury will work to promote a fairer, more inclusive, and more efficient financial system, while building on our ongoing work to counter illicit finance, and prevent risks to financial stability and national security.”
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
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Why this crazyness with rabbits ?!? And their holes, you would ask ?!? Why is the rabbit hole so deep ?ยฟ
And what does the rabbit hole has to do with that BitCorn thingย I keep hearing about all over the place ?ยฟ
I like to start from the begining, as I think so I am ๐๐
Rabbit Hole is a play written by David Lindsay-Abaire. It was the recipient of the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play premiered on Broadway in 2006, and it has also been produced by regional theatres in cities such as Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The play had its Spanish language premiere in San Juan, Puerto Rico in Autumn of 2010.
The play deals with the ways family members survive a major loss, and includes comedy as well as tragedy. Cynthia Nixon won the 2006 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for her performance as Becca in the New York production, and the play was nominated for several other Tony awards.
Rabbit Hole
A situation, journey, or process that is particularly strange, problematic, difficult, complex, or chaotic, especially one that becomes increasingly so as it develops or unfolds.
An allusion to “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” by Lewis Carroll, it is used especially in the phrase “(go) down the rabbit hole.”
Overhauling the current tax legislation is a rabbit hole I don’t think this administration should go down at this point.I’ve stayed away from drugs and alcohol since coming to college. I have an addictive personality, so I decided to just avoid that rabbit hole altogether.
What does rabbit hole mean?
Used especially in the phrase going down the rabbit hole or fallingdown the rabbit hole, a rabbit hole is a metaphor for something that transports someone into a wonderfully (or troublingly) surreal state or situation.
On the internet, a rabbit holefrequently refers to an extremely engrossing and time-consuming topic.
Where does rabbit hole come from?
Alice’s Adventures in WonderLand
Literally, a rabbit hole is what the animal digs for its home. The earliest written record of the phrase dates back to the 17th century. But the figurative rabbit hole begins with Lewis Carrollโs 1865 classic, Aliceโs Adventures in Wonderland.
In its opening chapter, โDown the Rabbit-Hole,โ Alice follows the White Rabbit into his burrow, which transports her to the strange, surreal, and nonsensical world of Wonderland.
Since then, Carrollโs rabbit hole has proved a popular and useful reference. The Oxford English Dictionary finds the first allusive rabbit hole in a 1938 edition of TheYale Law Journal: โIt is the Rabbit-Hole down which we fell into the Law, and to him who has gone down it, no queer performance is strange.โ
Over much of the 20th century, rabbit hole has been used to characterize bizarre and irrational experiences. Itโs especially used to reference magical, challenging, and even dangerous places or positions, similar to Carrollโs topsy-turvy Wonderland.
Rabbit holehas many metaphorical applicationsโfrom frustrating red tape to the mind-bending complexity of science to hallucinations during altered statesโall united by a common sense of passing into some labyrinthine, logic-defying realm that, once entered, is hard to get out of.
One can fall down the rabbit hole of government bureaucracy, healthcare, obtaining a green card, tax law, the political economy of modern Japan, puberty, college admissions, or quantum mechanics.
If youโre Neo in the hit film The Matrix, you can take the red pillโa pill that shows you the truth, as opposed to the blue pill, which keeps you in ignoranceโand โsee how deep the rabbit hole goes.โ
In a related note, some people literally take pills and go down the rabbit hole of a psychedelic drug trip.
But as Kathryn Schulz observed for The New Yorker in 2015, rabbit hole has further evolved in the information age: โThese daysโฆwhen we say that we fell down the rabbit hole, we seldom mean that we wound up somewhere psychedelically strange. We mean that we got interested in something to the point of distractionโusually by accident, and usually to a degree that the subject in question might not seem to merit.โ
Thanks to the abundance, variety, and instant access of content online, many fall down internet rabbit holes which are often spectacularly, and addictively, niche: scary stories, obscure conspiracy theories, or famous last meals, for instance.
Other rabbit holes tend to be opened up by specific services or social media, which serve users item after item, link after link: Wikipedia, Netflix, Amazon, Facebook, YouTube, and so forth.
These rabbit holes have become so common that people sometimes swap out rabbit for the name of the particular site, e.g. โIโve fallen down an Instragram holeโ or โIโm falling down a wikihole.โ
Who uses rabbit hole?
From formal documents to internet status updates, rabbit hole is a very popular and widespread expression. Unlike earlier iterations of the metaphor, internet rabbit holes convey less a sense of weirdness, disorientation, or difficulty than they do of an intensely captivating diversion.
Rabbit hole is also showing increasing use as a modifier, e.g. a rabbit-hole question or phenomenon.
Now… that we have a basic and broader understanding about this Hole and it’s rabbit that digged it ๐๐
Let me show you a journey that I took to get to know, understand, admire, be amazed and support the BitCorn everybody is so crazy about …
Bitcoin Glossary
Block
Blocks are found in the Bitcoin blockchain. Blocks connect all transactions together. Transactions are combined into single blocks and are verified every ten minutes through mining. Each subsequent block strengthens the verification of the previous blocks, making it impossible to double spend bitcoin transactions (see double spend below).
BIP
Bitcoin Improvement Proposal or BIP, is a technical design document providing information to the bitcoin community, or describing a new feature for bitcoin or its processes or environment which affect the Bitcoin protocol. New features, suggestions, and design changes to the protocol should be submitted as a BIP. The BIP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions.
Blockchain
The Bitcoin blockchain is a public record of all Bitcoin transactions. You might also hear the term used as a โpublic ledger.โ The blockchain shows every single record of bitcoin transactions in order, dating back to the very first one. The entire blockchain can be downloaded and openly reviewed by anyone, or you can use a block explorer to review the blockchain online.
Block Height
The block height is just the number of blocks connected together in the block chain. Height 0 for example refers to the very first block, called the โgenesis block.โ
Block Reward
When a block is successfully mined on the bitcoin network, there is a block reward that helps incentivize miners to secure the network. The block reward is part of a โcoinbaseโ transaction which may also include transaction fees. The block rewards halves roughly every four years; see also โhalving.โ
Change
Letโs say you are spending $1.90 in your local supermarket, and you give the cashier $2.00. You will get back .10 cents in change. The same logic applies to bitcoin transactions. Bitcoin transactions are made up of inputs and outputs. When you send bitcoins, you can only send them in a whole โoutput.โ The change is then sent back to the sender.
Cold Storage
The term cold storage is a general term for different ways of securing your bitcoins offline (disconnected from the internet). This would be the opposite of a hot wallet or hosted wallet, which is connected to the web for day-to-day transactions. The purpose of using cold storage is to minimize the chances of your bitcoins being stolen from a malicious hacker and is commonly used for larger sums of bitcoins.
Confirmation
A confirmation means that the bitcoin transaction has been verified by the network, through the process known as mining. Once a transaction is confirmed, it cannot be reversed or double spent. Transactions are included in blocks.
Cryptography
Cryptography is used in multiple places to provide security for the Bitcoin network. Cryptography, which is essentially mathematical and computer science algorithms used to encrypt and decrypt information, is used in bitcoin addresses, hash functions, and the blockchain.
Decentralized
Having a decentralized bitcoin network is a critical aspect. The network is โdecentralized,โ meaning that itโs void of a centralized company or entity that governs the network. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer protocol, where all users within the network work and communicate directly with each other, instead of having their funds handled by a middleman, such as a bank or credit card company.
Difficulty
Difficulty is directly related to Bitcoin mining (see mining below), and how hard it is to verify blocks in the Bitcoin network. Bitcoin adjusts the mining difficulty of verifying blocks every 2016 blocks. Difficulty is automatically adjusted to keep block verification times at ten minutes.
Double Spend
If someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time, this is double spending. Once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it. The more confirmations that a transaction has, the harder it is to double spend the bitcoins.
Full Node
A full node is when you download the entire blockchain using a bitcoin client, and you relay, validate, and secure the data within the blockchain. The data is bitcoin transactions and blocks, which is validated across the entire network of users.
Halving
Bitcoins have a finite supply, which makes them scarce. The total amount that will ever be issued is 21 million. The number of bitcoins generated per block is decreased 50% every four years. This is called โhalving.โ The final halving will take place in the year 2140.
Hash Rate
The hash rate is how the Bitcoin mining network processing power is measured. In order for miners to confirm transactions and secure the blockchain, the hardware they use must perform intensive computational operations which is output in hashes per second.
Hash (txid)
A transaction hash (sometimes referred to as a transaction ID or txid) is a unique identifier that can be used on any block explorer to look up all of the public details of a particular transaction. Every on-chain transaction has a unique hash made up of a long string of alphanumeric characters.
Mining
Bitcoin mining is the process of using computer hardware to do mathematical calculations for the Bitcoin network in order to confirm transactions. Miners collect transaction fees for the transactions they confirm and are awarded bitcoins for each block they verify.
Pool
As part of bitcoin mining, mining โpoolsโ are a network of miners that work together to mine a block, then split the block reward among the pool miners. Mining pools are a good way for miners to combine their resources to increase the probability of mining a block, and also contribute to the overall health and decentralization of the bitcoin network.
Private Key
A private key is a string of data that shows you have access to bitcoins in a specific wallet. Think of a private key like a password; private keys must never be revealed to anyone but you, as they allow you to spend the bitcoins from your bitcoin wallet through a cryptographic signature.
Proof of Work
Proof of work refers to the hash of a block header (blocks of bitcoin transactions). A block is considered valid only if its hash is lower than the current target. Each block refers to a previous block adding to previous proofs of work, which forms a chain of blocks, known as a blockchain. Once a chain is formed, it confirms all previous Bitcoin transactions and secures the network.
Public Address
A public bitcoin address is cryptographic hash of a public key. A public address typically starts with the number โ1.โ Think of a public address like an email address. It can be published anywhere and bitcoins can be sent to it, just like an email can be sent to an email address.
RBF
RBF stands for Replace By Fee, and refers to a method that allows a sender to replace a โstuckโ or unconfirmed transaction with a new one that uses a higher fee. This is done to make sure a transaction confirms as quickly as possible. The โreplacementโ transaction uses the same inputs as the original one. This is not considered a double spend, as the receiving address(es) typically remain the same.
Satoshi Nakamoto
Bitcoinโs existence began with an academic paper written in 2008 by a developer under the name of Satoshi Nakamoto. Satoshi is the name used as the original inventor of Bitcoin.
Transaction
A transaction is when data is sent to and from one bitcoin address to another. Just like financial transactions where you send money from one person to another, in bitcoin you do the same thing by sending data (bitcoins) to each other. Bitcoins have value because itโs based on the properties of mathematics, rather than relying on physical properties (like gold and silver) or trust in central authorities, like fiat currencies.
Wallet
Just like with paper dollars you hold in your physical wallet, a bitcoin wallet is a digital wallet where you can store, send, and receive bitcoins securely. There are many varieties of wallets available, whether youโre looking for a web or mobile solution. Ideally, a bitcoin wallet will give you access to your public and private keys. This means that only you have rightful access to spend these bitcoins, whenever you choose to.
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The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt.
Egyptologists conclude that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu and estimate that it was built in the 26th century BC during a period of around 27 years.
Initially standing at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years.
Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid’s height to the present 138.5 metres (454.4 ft).
What is seen today is the underlying core structure. The base was measured to be about 230.3 metres (755.6 ft) square, giving a volume of roughly 2.6 million cubic metres (92 million cubic feet), which includes an internal hillock.
The dimensions of the pyramid were 280 royal cubits (146.7 m; 481.4 ft) high, a base length of 440 cubits (230.6 m; 756.4 ft), with a seked of 5+1/2 palms (a slope of 51ยฐ50’40”).
The Great Pyramid was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million large blocks weighing 6 million tonnes total.
The majority of stones are not uniform in size or shape and are only roughly dressed.The outside layers were bound together by mortar.
Primarily local limestone from the Giza Plateau was used. Other blocks were imported by boat down the Nile: White limestone from Tura for the casing, and granite blocks from Aswan, weighing up to 80 tonnes, for the King’s Chamber structure.
There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest was cut into the bedrock, upon which the pyramid was built, but remained unfinished. The so-called Queen’s Chamber and King’s Chamber, that contains a granite sarcophagus, are higher up, within the pyramid structure. Khufu’s vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon), is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.
Many varying scientific and alternative hypotheses attempt to explain the exact construction techniques.
The funerary complex around the pyramid consisted of two mortuary temples connected by a causeway (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), tombs for the immediate family and court of Khufu, including three smaller pyramids for Khufu’s wives, an even smaller “satellite pyramid” and five buried solar barges.
Flavian Amphitheatre a.k.a Colloseum Rome – Italy
The Colosseum (Colosseo[kolosหsษหo]) is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum.
It is the largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, and is still the largest standing amphitheatre in the world today, despite its age.
Construction began under the emperor Vespasian (r. 69โ79 AD) in 72 and was completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir, Titus (r. 79โ81).
Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (r. 81โ96).
The three emperors that were patrons of the work are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio[aษฑfiteหaหtro หflaหvjo]) by later classicists and archaeologists for its association with their family name (Flavius).
The Colosseum is built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete.
The Colosseum could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points in its history having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles including animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Roman mythology, and briefly mock sea battles.
The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era.
It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Although substantially ruined because of earthquakes and stone-robbers (for spolia), the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and was listed as one of the New 7 Wonders of the World.
It is one of Rome’s most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit “Way of the Cross” procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.
The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.
Several walls were built from as early as the 7th century BC,with selective stretches later joined together by Qin Shi Huang (220โ206 BC), the first emperor of China.
Little of the Qin wall remains. Later on, many successive dynasties built and maintained multiple stretches of border walls. The best-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty (1368โ1644).
Apart from defense, other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration.
Furthermore, the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watchtowers, troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire, and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor.
The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses. Collectively, they stretch from Liaodong in the east to Lop Lake in the west, from the present-day SinoโRussian border in the north to Tao River (Taohe) in the south; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of the Mongolian steppe; spanning 21,196.18 km (13,170.70 mi) in total.
Today, the defensive system of the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.
As history has left behind, monumental architectural constructions that we can admire and reamain in awe as we look at them, after thousands of years since the first stone was put, in today’s world our digital PoW can be seen and admired the same as the Great Wall of China or the Piramid of Giza !!!
Wich brings us to the question, what is Free talking about ?!?
Long Live the CypherPunksCypherPunks Write CodeGenesisBitcoin Genesis Block Mined 03 January 2009The Times January 3, 2009Bitcoin – Proof Of Work
Bitcoin-type Proof Of Work
In 2009, the Bitcoin network went online. Bitcoin is a proof-of-work digital currency that, like Finney’s RPoW, is also based on the Hashcash PoW.
But in Bitcoin, double-spend protection is provided by a decentralized P2P protocol for tracking transfers of coins, rather than the hardware trusted computing function used by RPoW.
Bitcoin has better trustworthiness because it is protected by computation. Bitcoins are “mined” using the Hashcash proof-of-work function by individual miners and verified by the decentralized nodes in the P2P bitcoin network.
The difficulty is periodically adjusted to keep the block time around a target time.
Since the creation of Bitcoin, proof-of-work has been the predominant design of peer-to-peer cryptocurrency. Studies have estimated the total energy consumption of cryptocurrency mining.
The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. Recent estimates from the University of Cambridge put Bitcoinโs energy consumption as equal to that of Switzerland.
History modification
Each block that is added to the blockchain, starting with the block containing a given transaction, is called a confirmation of that transaction.
Ideally, merchants and services that receive payment in the cryptocurrency should wait for at least one confirmation to be distributed over the network, before assuming that the payment was done.
The more confirmations that the merchant waits for, the more difficult it is for an attacker to successfully reverse the transaction in a blockchainโunless the attacker controls more than half the total network power, in which case it is called a 51% attack.
2ASICs and mining pools
Within the Bitcoin community there are groups working together in mining pools.
Some miners use application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for PoW. This trend toward mining pools and specialized ASICs has made mining some cryptocurrencies economically infeasible for most players without access to the latest ASICs, nearby sources of inexpensive energy, or other special advantages.
Some PoWs claim to be ASIC-resistant, i.e. to limit the efficiency gain that an ASIC can have over commodity hardware, like a GPU, to be well under an order of magnitude.
ASIC resistance has the advantage of keeping mining economically feasible on commodity hardware, but also contributes to the corresponding risk that an attacker can briefly rent access to a large amount of unspecialized commodity processing power to launch a 51% attack against a cryptocurrency.
Plant the Seed The choice is YoursChoose Wisely The Choice is Yours
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
Syscoin combines the best of both worlds to bring you a network to build the most secure, reliable, and fastest Web 3.0 applications.
Open-Source Protocol
Syscoin is a decentralized and open source project founded in 2014 by the founders of Blockchain Foundry, who remain Syscoin’s core developers. The core project has been guided by Syscoin Foundation since 2019.
A Vision of Transformation
We believe the future is stronger together, and that’s why we started with combining the power of Bitcoin and Ethereum, and will continue to build on a roadmap to the most cutting-edge technology.
Syscoin is built to bring prosperity through a protocol that transforms the way we interact with the world. The team builds to disrupt the way we experience the blockchain and how it will connect to affect lives.
With the great power of a decentralized future, comes the responsibility to provide security, functionality, and a roadmap to create a growing, collaborative future.
We build to be the protocol that you, your family, and your community trust everyday.
Cutting-edge research to help you.
Syscoin gives you the best of Bitcoin + Ethereum all in one place to build the most ambitious Web 3.0 applications.
Syscoin Foundation
The Syscoin Foundation is the official body representing Syscoin Platform. The board is broadly responsible for the growth and adoption of the platform, and its members play a guiding and steering role in its development.
Jag Sidhu Foundation President Lead DeveloperMichiel Foundation Vice President Project ManagerWilly Ko Foundation Treasurer DeveloperBrad Hammerston Foundation BoardChris Foundation Board Marketing & RelationsBradley Foundation Board Marketing & Social MediaSebastian Dimichele Foundation BoardAlex Foundation Board
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
Totalitarianismย is aย form of governmentย andย political systemย that prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws individual opposition to theย stateย and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control and regulation over public and private life.
It is regarded as the most extreme and complete form ofย authoritarianism.
As aย political ideologyย in itself, totalitarianism is a distinctly modernistย phenomenon, and it has very complex historical roots. Philosopherย Karl Popperย traced its roots toย Plato,ย Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel‘s conception of theย state, and the political philosophy ofย Karl Marx, although Popper’s conception of totalitarianism has been criticized in academia, and remains highly controversial.
“Man has become the master of the world, a master unbound by any links to nature, society, and history.”
In the 20th century, the idea of absolute state power was first developed byย Italian Fascists, and concurrently in Germany by a jurist andย Naziย academic namedย Carl Schmittย during theย Weimar Republicย in the 1920s.
Benito Mussolini, the founder of Italian Fascism, defined fascism as such: “Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.”
Schmitt used the termย Totalstaatย (lit.โ’Total state’) in his influential 1927 work titledย The Concept of the Political, which described the legal basis of an all-powerful state.
Totalitarian regimes are different from otherย authoritarianย regimes, as the latter denotes a state in which the single power holder, usually an individual dictator, a committee, aย military junta, or an otherwise small group of political elites, monopolizes political power.
A totalitarian regime may attempt to control virtually all aspects of social life, including the economy, the education system, arts, science, and the private lives and morals of citizens through the use of an elaborate ideology. It can also mobilize the whole population in pursuit of its goals.
Historianย Robert Conquestย describes a totalitarian state as a state which recognizes no limit on its authority in any sphere of public or private life and extends that authority to whatever length it considers feasible.
Totalitarianism is contrasted withย authoritarianism. According to Radu Cinpoes, an authoritarian state is “only concerned with political power, and as long as it is not contested it gives society a certain degree of liberty.”
Cinpoes writes that authoritarianism “does not attempt to change the world and human nature.”
In contrast,ย Richard Pipesย stated that the officially proclaimedย ideologyย “penetrating into the deepest reaches of societal structure, and the totalitarian government seeks to completely control the thoughts and actions of its citizens.”
Carl Joachim Friedrichย wrote that “[a] totalist ideology, a party reinforced by aย secret police, and monopolistic control of industrial mass society are the three features of totalitarian regimes that distinguish them from other autocracies.”
Rijndael is a family of ciphers with different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.
The algorithm described by AES is aย symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data.
In the United States, AES was announced by the NIST as U.S.ย FIPSย PUB 197 (FIPS 197) on November 26, 2001.
This announcement followed a five-year standardization process in which fifteen competing designs were presented and evaluated, before the Rijndael cipher was selected as the most suitable.
AES is included in theย ISO/IECย 18033-3ย standard. AES became effective as a U.S. federal government standard on May 26, 2002, after approval by the U.S.ย Secretary of Commerce.
AES is available in many different encryption packages, and is the first (and only) publicly accessibleย cipherย approved by the U.S.ย National Security Agencyย (NSA) forย top secretย information when used in an NSA approved cryptographic module.
Andreas M. Antonopoulosย (born 1972 in London) is a British-Greek Bitcoinย advocate, tech entrepreneur, and author.
He is a host on theย Speaking of Bitcoinย podcastย (formerly calledย Let’s Talk Bitcoin!) and a teaching fellow for theย M.Sc.ย Digital Currencies at theย University of Nicosia.
Antonopoulos was born in 1972 in London, UK, and moved to Athens, Greece during theย Greek Junta.
He spent his childhood there, and at the age of 17 returned to the UK.
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
For the first time in human history there is at the disposal of the masses a tool that eliminates the middlemen and takes trust from the hands of humans and beautifully makes it a mathematics code that cannot be breaken, hacked or tricked…
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
Cryptoassets being held, generally as longer-term plays; sometimes used self-deprecatingly for soft or losing positions one should close, but canโt for whatever reason. โToo bad none of my alt bags saw the moon that I did today. #cryptoeclipseโ
Bitcoin Maximalists
The truest believers in bitcoinโs original mission and design, often paired with a disdain for altcoins.
Block
Blocks are found in the Bitcoin block chain. Blocks connect all transactions together.
Transactions are combined into single blocks and are verified every ten minutes through mining.
Each subsequent block strengthens the verification of the previous blocks, making it impossible to double spend bitcoin transactions (see double spend below).
BIP
Bitcoin Improvement Proposal or BIP, is a technical design document providing information to the bitcoin community, or describing a new feature for bitcoin or its processes or environment which affect the Bitcoin protocol.
New features, suggestions, and design changes to the protocol should be submitted as a BIP.
The BIP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions.
Black Swans
A black swan is an event or occurrence that deviates beyond what is normally expected of a situation and is extremely difficult to predict.
Black swan events are typically random and unexpected.
The term was popularized by Nassim Nicholas Taleb, a finance professor, writer, and former Wall Street trader.
Block Chain
The Bitcoin block chain is a public record of all Bitcoin transactions. You might also hear the term used as a โpublic ledgerโ.
The block chain shows every single record of bitcoin transactions in order, dating back to the very first one.
The entire block chain can be downloaded and openly reviewed by anyone, or you can use a block explorer to review the block chain online.
Block Height
The block height is just the number of blocks connected together in the block chain. Height 0 for example refers to the very first block, called the โgenesis blockโ.
Block Reward
When a block is successfully mined on the bitcoin network, there is a block reward that helps incentivize miners to secure the network.
The block reward is part of a โcoinbaseโ transaction which may also include transaction fees.
The block rewards halves roughly every four years; see also โhalvingโ.
BTFD | #BTFD
โBuy the Fucking Dipโ Advice to other traders to pick up a coin thatโs presumably hit its bottom.
โ$GNT Golem making moves. Underpriced @ 7.5K If U are buying GNT under 10K still a good price 3 X LETS GO $ETH #CRYPTO #trading #BTFDโ
Change
Letโs say you are spending $9.90 in your local supermarket, and you give the cashier $10.00. You will get back .10 cents in change.
The same logic applies to bitcoin transactions.
Bitcoin transactions are made up of inputs and outputs.
When you send bitcoins, you can only send them in a whole โoutputโ.
The change is then sent back to the sender.
Cold Storage
The term cold storage is a general term for different ways of securing cryptocurrency offline (disconnected from the internet).
This would be the opposite of a hot wallet or hosted wallet, which is connected to the web for day-to-day transactions.
The purpose of using cold storage is to minimize the chances of your bitcoins being stolen from a malicious hacker and is commonly used for larger sums of bitcoins.
Cold Wallet and Hot Wallet
Cold storage is an offline wallet provided for storing cryptocurrency.
With cold storage, the digital wallet is stored on a platform that is not connected to the internet, thereby, protecting the wallet from unauthorized access, cyber hacks, and other vulnerabilities that a system connected to the internet is susceptible to.
Confirmation
A confirmation means that the bitcoin transaction has been verified by the network, through the process known as mining.
Once a transaction is confirmed, it cannot be reversed or double spent.
Transactions are included in blocks.
Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency is the broad name for digital currencies that use blockchain technology to work on a peer-to-peer basis.
Cryptocurrencies donโt need a bank to carry out transactions between individuals.
The nature of the blockchain means that individuals can transact with each other, even if they donโt trust each other.
The cryptocurrency network keeps track of all the transactions and ensures that no one tries to renege on a transaction.
Cryptocurrency 2.0
Also known as a decentralized app,(Dapp) a cryptocurrency 2.0 project uses the blockchain for something other than simply creating and sending money.
They typically involve decentralized versions of online services that were previously operated by a trusted third party.
Cryptography
Cryptography is used in multiple places to provide security for the Bitcoin network.
Cryptography, which is essentially mathematical and computer science algorithms used to encrypt and decrypt information, is used in bitcoin addresses, hash functions, and the block chain.
Cypherpunk
1. A person with an interest in encryption and privacy, especially one who uses encrypted email.
2. Cypherpunk, a term that appeared in Eric Hughesโ โA Cypherpunkโs Manifestoโ in 1993, combines the ideas of cyberpunk, the spirit of individualism in cyberspace, with the use of strong encryption ( ciphertext is encrypted text) to preserve privacy.
Cypherpunk advocates believe that the use of strong encryption algorithms will enable individuals to have safely private transactions.
They oppose any kind of government regulation of cryptography.
They admit the likelihood that criminals and terrorists will exploit the use of strong encryption systems, but accept the risk as the price to be paid for the individualโs right to privacy.
Dark Web
The part of the World Wide Web that is only accessible by means of special software, allowing users and website operators to remain anonymous or untraceable.
The Dark Web poses new and formidable challenges for law enforcement agencies around the world.
Decentralized
Having a decentralized bitcoin network is a critical aspect.
The network is โdecentralizedโ, meaning that itโs void of a centralized company or entity that governs the network.
Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer protocol, where all users within the network work and communicate directly with each other, instead of having their funds handled by a middleman, such as a bank or credit card company.
Difficulty
Difficulty is directly related to Bitcoin mining (see mining below), and how hard it is to verify blocks in the Bitcoin network.
Bitcoin adjusts the mining difficulty of verifying blocks every 2016 blocks.
Difficulty is automatically adjusted to keep block verification times at ten minutes.
Dogecoin
Dogecoin is an altcoin that first started as a joke in late 2013. Dogecoin, which features a Japanese fighting dog as its mascot, gained a broad international following and quickly grew to have a multi-million dollar market capitalization.
Double Spend
If someone tries to send a bitcoin transaction to two different recipients at the same time, this is double spending. Once a bitcoin transaction is confirmed, it makes it nearly impossible to double spend it. The more confirmations that a transaction has, the harder it is to double spend the bitcoins.
DYOR | #DYOR
โDo Your Own Research.โ The traderโs caveat that advice shouldnโt be taken at face value.
โ$BCY has an appealing risk/reward here. Could take a few months to play out, however, and will require patience. #DYORโ
Exit Scam
Traditionally a term for darknet markets and vendors that, after building up a good reputation, accumulate bitcoins and disappear; exit scams are also feared by ICO participants who worry that, once theyโve raised hundreds of millions in hard-to-trace money, the developers will take the money and run.
Fiat
Government-issued money.
Full Node
A full node is when you download the entire block chain using a bitcoin client, and you relay, validate, and secure the data within the block chain.
The data is bitcoin transactions and blocks, which is validated across the entire network of users.
FOMO | #FOMO
โFear of Missing Out.โ When a coin starts to moon, dumb money rushes in. โ$LGD on a TEAR right now!!! It has major highs right now! Some major #FOMO going on!!! Sell while itโs high. It WILL drop before fight!!!โ
FUD
โFear, Uncertainty, and Doubt.โ
Another non-crypto term that describes attempts to scare weak-handed coin-holders into selling their positions, often with rumors of exit scams or hacks; the cheap, dumped coins are then picked up by the FUD-ers.
Fungibility
Fungibility is a good or assetโs interchangeability with other individual goods or assets of the same type.
Assets possessing this fungibility property simplify the exchange and trade processes, as interchangeability assumes everyone values all goods of that class the same.
HODL
HOLD ON FOR DEAR LIFE!
The intentionally misspelled word hodl has its roots in a December 2013 post on the Bitcoin Talk forum, โI AM HODLINGโ; when the author, GameKyuubi, couldnโt be bothered to fix his typo, the community instantly turned it into a verb: to hodl.
Along with other terms, hodl is an effective litmus test for sussing out newcomers, carpetbaggers, and tourists.
Halving
Bitcoins have a finite supply, which makes them scarce.
The total amount that will ever be issued is 21 million.
The number of bitcoins generated per block is decreased 50% every 210,000 blocks,roughtly four years.
This is called โhalving.โ
The final halving will take place in the year 2140.
Hash
A cryptographic hash is a mathematical function that takes a file and produces a relative shortcode that can be used to identify that file.
A hash has a couple of key properties:
โข It is unique.
Only a particular file can produce a particular hash, and two different files will never produce the same hash.
โข It cannot be reversed.
You canโt work out what a file was by looking at its hash.
Hashing is used to prove that a set of data has not been tampered with.
It is what makes bitcoin mining possible.
Hash Rate
The hash rate is how the Bitcoin mining network processing power is measured.
In order for miners to confirm transactions and secure the block chain, the hardware they use must perform intensive computational operations which is output in hashes per second.
Then, try changing just a letter in the input text to see how the resulting hash varies significantly
Hard Fork
A hard fork is when a single cryptocurrency splits in two.
It occurs when a cryptocurrencyโs existing code is changed, resulting in both an old and new version.
Meanwhile a soft fork is essentially the same thing, but the idea is that only one blockchain (and thus one coin) will remain valid as users adopt the update.
So both fork types create a split, but a hard fork is meant to create two blockchain/coins and a soft fork is meant to result in one.
Segwit was a soft fork, Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin Gold, and Segwit2x are all hard forks.
Immutability
In object-oriented and functional programming, an immutable object (unchangeable object) is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created.
This is in contrast to a mutable object (changeable object), which can be modified after it is created.
Lambo | #Lambo
A running joke among traders, youโre cryptorich when you can buy a Lamborghini; though absurd, itโs not unheard of โ when Alexandre Cazes, the suspected founder of a major darknet marketplace, was found hanged in his Bangkok jail cell, Thai media reported that he owned four Lamborghinis.
Mining
Bitcoin mining is the process of using computer hardware to do mathematical calculations for the Bitcoin network in order to confirm transactions.
Miners collect transaction fees for the transactions they confirm and are awarded bitcoins for each block they verify.
Moon | #Moon
A rapid price increase.
Peer-to-Peer
Typically, online applications are provided by a central party that organizes all the transactions.
Your bank runs its own computers, and all the customers log into the bankโs computer to handle their transactions.
If Bob wants to send money to Alice, he asks the bank to do it, and the bank controls everything.
In a peer-to-peer arrangement, technology cuts out the middleman, meaning that people deal directly with each other.
Bob would send the money directly to Alice, and there wouldnโt be any bank involved at all.
Pool
As part of bitcoin mining, mining โpoolsโ are a network of miners that work together to mine a block, then split the block reward among the pool miners.
Mining pools are a good way for miners to combine their resources to increase the probability of mining a block, and also contribute to the overall health and decentralization of the bitcoin network.
Private Key
A private key is a string of data that shows you have access to bitcoins in a specific wallet.
Think of a private key like a password; private keys must never be revealed to anyone but you, as they allow you to spend the bitcoins from your bitcoin wallet through a cryptographic signature.
Proof of Work
Proof of work refers to the hash of a block header (blocks of bitcoin transactions).
A block is considered valid only if its hash is lower than the current target.
Each block refers to a previous block adding to previous proofs of work, which forms a chain of blocks, known as a block chain.
Once a chain is formed, it confirms all previous Bitcoin transactions and secures the network.
Pump
A rapid price increase believed to be the result of market manipulation, a.k.a. pump and dump.
Public Address
A public bitcoin address is cryptographic hash of a public key.
A public address typically starts with the number โ1.โ
Think of a public address like an email address.
It can be published anywhere and bitcoins can be sent to it, just like an email can be sent to an email address.
Private Key
A private key is a string of data that shows you have access to bitcoins in a specific wallet.
Think of a private key like a password; private keys must never be revealed to anyone but you, as they allow you to spend the bitcoins from your bitcoin wallet through a cryptographic signature.
Rekt | #Rekt
Meaning โwreckedโ.
โI never sell because of #FUD, and I never buy because of #FOMO.
Thatโs the easiest way to get #Rektโ
Sats
Satoshis, currently the smallest unit of a single bitcoin, useful for tracking coin prices. โAt the rate $XRPโs moving, I wouldnโt be surprised if it hits 10K sats by the end of the day.โ
Security Tokens
A security token (sometimes called an authentication token) is a small hardware device that the owner carries to authorize access to a network service.
The device may be in the form of a smart card or may be embedded in a commonly used object such as a key fob.
Shitcoins
Pejorative term for altcoins, especially low-cap coins, often affectionately used by shitcoin hodlers.
SEGWIT
SegWit is the process by which the block size limit on a blockchain is increased by removing signature data from Bitcoin transactions.
When certain parts of a transaction are removed, this frees up space or capacity to add more transactions to the chain.
Transaction
A transaction is when data is sent to and from one bitcoin address to another.
Just like financial transactions where you send money from one person to another, in bitcoin you do the same thing by sending data (bitcoins) to each other.
Bitcoins have value because itโs based on the properties of mathematics, rather than relying on physical properties (like gold and silver) or trust in central authorities, like fiat currencies.
Wallet
Just like with paper dollars you hold in your physical wallet, a bitcoin wallet is a digital wallet where you can store, send, and receive bitcoins securely.
There are many varieties of wallets available, whether youโre looking for a web or mobile solution.
Ideally, a bitcoin wallet will give you access to your public and private keys.
This means that only you have rightful access to spend these bitcoins, whenever you choose to.
Whale
Anyone who owns 5 percent of any given coin, often used as a boogeyman to explain unwanted price movements.
โNice support $NEO. Clear whale manipulation.โ
Blue Pill vs. Red PillChoose wiselyWhen You’re ready …
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
On January 3rd, 2009 Satoshi Nakamoto published the Genesis Block with the first 50 Bitcoins on Sourceforge. He also left a message on the blockchain at the time, quoting the headline in the British newspaper Times:
On January 3, 2009, the minister was on the verge of bailing out the banks.
Nakamoto started writing the white paper in 2008 and published it in October of that year.
The concept of a decentralized, anonymous, trusted currency emerged after the 2008 financial crisis, which left responsibility for the banks.
Satoshi neither supports the modern banking system nor does he like partial reserve banks.
A partial reserve bank is a bank that takes deposits and issues loans or investments, but only has to reserve a fraction of its liabilities for deposits. Basically, the bank is using money that it doesnโt own.
Satoshi wants to get rid of banks and seedy middlemen whom he believes are corrupt and unreliable. As such, he created a more community-centric digital currency.
13 years later, Bitcoin is still going strong with a market cap of nearly $ 900 billion. It is currently held by billionaires, banks, celebrities, governments, and corporations. This is evidence of how far BTC has come in its brief existence.
The precarious banking situation and economic uncertainty are also in crisis again.
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
โThis is a book I want every athlete, aspiring leader, entrepreneur, thinker and doer to read. Ryan Holiday is one of the most promising young writers of his generation.โ
George Raveling, Hall of Fame Basketball Coach
โRyan Holiday is one of his generationโs finest thinkers, and this book is his best yet.โ
Steven Pressfield, author of “The War of Art” and “Gates of Fire“
โRyan Holiday has written a brilliant and engaging book, well beyond his yearsโฆ It is invaluable.โ
Brian Koppelman, screenwriter and director, “Rounders”, “Oceanโs Thirteen” and “Billions”
Ego Is the Enemy
โWhile the history books are filled with tales of obsessive, visionary geniuses who remade the world in their image with sheer, almost irrational force, Iโve found that history is also made by individuals who fought their egos at every turn, who eschewed the spotlight, and who put their higher goals above their desire for recognition.โ โ from the Prologue
Many of us insist the main impediment to a full, successful life is the outside world. In fact, the most common enemy lies within: our ego. Early in our careers, it impedes learning and the cultivation of talent. With success, it can blind us to our faults and sow future problems. In failure, it magnifies each blow and makes recovery more difficult. At every stage, ego holds us back.
The Ego is the Enemy draws on a vast array of stories and examples, from literature to philosophy to history. We meet fascinating figures like Howard Hughes, Katharine Graham, Bill Belichick, and Eleanor Roosevelt, all of whom reached the highest levels of power and success by conquering their own egos. Their strategies and tactics can be ours as well.
But why should we bother fighting ego in an era that glorifies social media, reality TV, and other forms of shameless self-promotion? Armed with the lessons in this book, as Holiday writes, โyou will be less invested in the story you tell about your own specialness, and as a result, you will be liberated to accomplish the world-changing work youโve set out to achieve.
RYAN HOLIDAY
Ryan Holiday is a strategist and writer. He dropped out of college at nineteen to apprenยญtice under Robert Greene, author of “The 48 Laws of Power”, and later served as the director of marยญketing for American Apparel.
His company, Brass Check, has advised clients like Google, TASER, and Complex, as well as many prominent bestselling authors.
Holiday has written four previous books, most recently The Obstacle Is the Way, which has been translated into seventeen languages and has a cult following among NFL coaches, world-class athletes, TV personalities, political leaders, and others around the world.
He lives on a small ranch outside Austin, Texas.
Made with ๐ by Free Spirit
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If so, please consider a donation to help the evolution and development of more helpful articles in the future, and show your support for alternative articles.
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You can donate in any crypto your ๐ desires ๐
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
How can I calculate how many hashes I generate per second?
I have a function which generates hashes from a string:
string GenerateHash(string plainText);
I generate as many hashes as possible with 4 threads.
How do I calculate how many hashes (or megahashes) I generate per second?
Your problem breaks down nicely into 3 separate tasks
Sharing a single count variable across threads
Benchmarking thread completion time
Calculating hashes per/second
Sharing a single count variable across threads
public static class GlobalCounter { public static int Value { get; private set; } public static void Increment() { Value =GetNextValue(Value); } private static int GetNextValue(int curValue) { returnInterlocked.Increment(ref curValue); } public static void Reset() { Value = 0; } }
Before you spin off the threads call GlobalCounter.Reset and then in each thread (after each successful hash) you would call GlobalCounter.Increment – using Interlocked.X performs atomic operations of Value in a thread-safe manner, it’s also much faster than lock.
Parallel.ForEach will block until all threads have finished
Calculating hashes per second
... sw.Stop(); var hashesPerSecond = GlobalCounter.Value / sw.Elapsed.Seconds;
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Your generosity is ๐ ly appreciated
You can donate in any crypto your ๐ desires ๐
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio waves on the … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to all my readers, … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, 2008. The white … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
โ It might make sense just to get some in case it catches on.
If enough people think the same way, that becomes a self fulfilling prophecy.
Once it gets bootstrapped, there are so many appliยญcaยญtions if you could effortยญlessly pay a few cents to a website as easily as dropping coins in a vending machine. โ
Get some in case it catches on
โ In this sense, itโs more typical of a precious metal.
Instead of the supply changing to keep the value the same, the supply is predeยญterยญmined and the value changes.
As the number of users grows, the value per coin increases.
It has the potenยญtial for a positive feedback loop; as users increase, the value goes up, which could attract more users to take advanยญtage of the increasing value. โ
Potential for a positive feedback loop
โ Maybe it could get an initial value circuยญlarly as youโve suggested, by people foreseeing its potenยญtial usefulยญness for exchange. (I would definitely want some)
Maybe collecยญtors, any random reason could spark it.
I think the tradiยญtional qualiยญfiยญcaยญtions for money were written with the assumpยญtion that there are so many competing objects in the world that are scarce, an object with the automatic bootstrap of intrinsic value will surely win out over those without intrinsic value.
But if there were nothing in the world with intrinsic value that could be used as money, only scarce but no intrinsic value, I think people would still take up something. (Iโm using the word scarce here to only mean limited potenยญtial supply) โ
โ A rational market price for something that is expected to increase in value will already reflect the present value of the expected future increases. “
Rational market price
” In your head, you do a probaยญbility estimate balancing the odds that it keeps increasing. โ
Probability
โ Iโm sure that in 20ย years there will either be very large transยญacยญtion volume or noย volume. โ
In 20 Years
โ Bitcoins have no dividend or potenยญtial future dividend, thereยญfore not like a stock.
More like a collectible or commodity.โ
Collectible vs Commodity
” [Lengthy exposition of vulnerability of a systm to use-of-force monopolies ellided.]
You will not find a solution to political problems in cryptography.
Yes, but we can win a major battle in the arms race and gain a new territory of freedom for several years.
Governments are good at cutting off the heads of a centrally controlled networks like Napster, but pure P2P networks like Gnutella and Tor seem to be holding their own. “
Pure P2P networks
” It’s very attractive to the libertarian viewpoint if we can explain it properly.
I’m better with code than with words though. “
Libertarian Viewpoint
” The proof-of-work is a Hashcash style SHA-256 collision finding.
It’s a memoryless process where you do millions of hashes a second, with a small chance of finding one each time.
The 3 or 4 fastest nodes’ dominance would only be proportional to their share of the total CPU power.
Anyone’s chance of finding a solution at any time is proportional to their CPU power.
There will be transaction fees, so nodes will have an incentive to receive and include all the transactions they can.
Nodes will eventually be compensated by transaction fees alone when the total coins created hits the pre-determined ceiling. “
Transactions Fees
” Right, it’s ECC digital signatures.
A new key pair is used for every transaction.
It’s not pseudonymous in the sense of nyms identifying people, but it is at least a little pseudonymous in that the next action on a coin can be identified as being from the owner of that coin.”
Pseudonymous
Bitcoin is a new electronic cash system that uses a peer-to-peer network to prevent double-spending.
It’s completely decentralized with no server or central authority
New electronic cash system
Total circulation will be 21,000,000 coins.
It’ll be distributed to network nodes when they make blocks, with the amount cut in half every 4 years
first 4 years: 10,500,000 coins
next 4 years: 5,250,000 coins
next 4 years: 2,625,000 coins
next 4 years: 1,312,500 coins etc…
When that runs out, the system can support transaction fees if needed.
It’s based on open market competition, and there will probably always be nodes willing to process transactions for free.
Open Market Competition
” I would be surprised if 10 years from now we’re not using electronic currency in some way, now that we know a way to do it that won’t inevitably get dumbed down when the trusted third party gets cold feet.
It could get started in a narrow niche like reward points, donation tokens, currency for a game or micropayments for adult sites.
Initially it can be used in proof-of-work applications for services that could almost be free but not quite.
POW applications
It can already be used for pay-to-send e-mail.
The send dialog is resizeable and you can enter as long of a message as you like.
It’s sent directly when it connects.
The recipient doubleclicks on the transaction to see the full message.
If someone famous is getting more e-mail than they can read, but would still like to have a way for fans to contact them, they could set up Bitcoin and give out the IP address on their website. “
Pay-to-Send Email
“Send X bitcoins to my priority hotline at this IP and I’ll read the message personally.”
Send bitcoin
You can securely control neither your land nor your digitally centralized financial assets without the help of government. Thus the locality & importance of legal ownership in these things. You can securely control your globally seamless Bitcoin without the help of government.
Nick Szabo
From the People For the People !!! Be your Own Bank !!! REVOLUTIONARYIMMUTABLE PUBLIC COLLABORATIVE OPEN RESISTANT DECENTRALIZED
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Did you find this article helpful?
If so, please consider a donation to help the evolution and development of more helpful articles in the future, and show your support for alternative articles.
Your generosity is ๐ ly appreciated
You can donate in any crypto your ๐ desires ๐
In a first, Bitcoin developers have done something amazing amid the criticism over the lightning network and issues associated with it. A team of developers has made an international payment using the radio … Continue reading International payment using the radio waves→
My inspiration for this page was given to me by my new aquired friend, a fellow Truth Seeker – Joris and to whom I dedicate this page… Wish you… as well as to … Continue reading Discipline Quotes→
Bitcoin white paper turns 15 and the Legacy of Satoshi Nakamoto lives on. โIโve been working on a new electronic cash system thatโs fully peer-to-peer, with no trusted third party,โ Satoshi Oct. 31, … Continue reading Bitcoin White Paper turn 15→
Finance, like most human inventions, is constantly evolving.
In the beginning it was basic: food was traded for livestock, and livestock for resources like wood, or maize. It progressed to precious metal, such as silver and gold. And now, the next step in financial evolution has come to light.
This new form of currency has been constantly evolving over the past decade, developed by an unknown person and maintained by a collective group of the brightest minds in technology.
Itโs a new form of money that is created and held digitally, and the most important part, of course, is that no government owns it, or decides its value – the peer-to-peer network community does.
We call this new money, โBitcoinโ.
Historically, U.S. currency has been based on gold – you could give a dollar to the bank and receive a set amount back in gold. In contrast, Bitcoin isnโt based on silver or gold – itโs based on mathematical proofs validated by a public ledger called blockchain technology.
Bitcoin is generated through a complex sequence of mathematical formulas that run on computers; the network shares a public ledger using blockchain technologies that record, and validate, every transaction processed.
A single institution, such as the government, does not control the Bitcoin network.
The idea behind the technology has always been – and remains – one of decentralization – that is, remaining completely independent of a central authority, like a bank, a government, or a country.
Anyone can access the open-source software that makes Bitcoin work, and its those individuals interested that maintain it.
But, who invented Bitcoin? Is it a valid and legitimate currency like USD? And why did nobody think of this before?
But before we begin, letโs talk about the creator of Bitcoin – or rather, the anonymous pseudonym that first published a concept.
How Did Bitcoin Start?
There are many questions about Bitcoin, but the most common one to be asked is, โWho created it?โ
That answer is not straightforward, because the identity of the creator remains a mystery. All we have is a pseudonym – Satoshi Nakamoto.
The accounts are no longer active; the coins in his wallet have never been spent.
Satoshi Nakamoto has disappeared from the world, or so it would seem.
Fast Company recently published an article suggesting that Satoshi Nakamoto could be a group of people, including Neal King, Vladimir Oksman, and Charles Bry. Apparently, these three people filed for a patent related to secure communication just two months prior to the purchase of the Bitcoin.org domain. Perhaps itโs a coincidence; perhaps itโs not.
What we do have, however, are facts:
On October 31st, 2008, โBitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash Systemโ was posted to a cryptography mailing list, published under the name โSatoshi Nakamotoโ. The whitepaper outlined the foundation of how Bitcoin would operate.
On August 18, 2008, an unknown person or entity registered the Bitcoin.org domain.
On January 8th, 2009, the first version of Bitcoin is announced, and shortly thereafter, Bitcoin mining begins.
The mystery that surrounds Satoshi Nakamoto is fitting; privacy was a key value for both Bitcoin, and its users.
Others have tried to claim his mantle – most recently an Australian man named Craig Wright, who has since withdrawn his claim.
While we may never know who first created Bitcoin, we do know that the technology he started has left ripples in the financial industry.
Bitcoin has risen to fame thanks to individuals such as the Winklevoss twins controlling and growing the market, and major events that have defined this new technologyโs existence such as the Mt. Gox Ponzi scheme disaster.
The people involved and the events that occur are a constant reminder that this market is unregulated and seem to fall in line with Satoshi Nakamotoโs goal of creating a decentralized network.
What is Bitcoin Used For?
Currency must have value to ensure stability.
The most common way for a person to judge a currencyโs value is what they can use it on; Bitcoin is no different, and a host of vendors and merchants now accept it alongside, or in place of, fiat money.
One early adopter of Bitcoin was the computer retailer Dell. In fact, when Dell started accepting Bitcoin, it became one of the largest companies to do so internationally.
While the digital currency may total for just a fraction of the retailerโs total transaction volume, there are other key reasons why the growth of Bitcoin could be aboon for the retailer.
Dell reported earnings of $59 billion during 2015. Traditional transaction fees range from 2 to 3 percent of the purchase price – with Bitcoin, itโs much, much lower, nearing non-existent – saving the retailer a lot of money in the future.
Other companies, such as Expedia and Cheapair, have also started accepting Bitcoin, along with technology conglomerate Microsoft : users can add funds to their accounts with Bitcoin to purchase apps, games, and other types of digital content.
The acceptance of Bitcoin is a strategic decision on the part of these companies, most of which are reaching out to solidify their position with tech-savvy audiences.
Thereโs a lot of benefit to Bitcoin, and a variety of reasons for its use, including :
Faster Payment: Accepting wire transfers and checks is time consuming, and it can take several days for payment to clear. Bitcoin is faster and can take a matter of minutes, rather than days to process payment.
Lower Transaction Fees: The cost to accept Bitcoins is lower compared to other payment methods, such as credit cards or Paypal.
Independent of Governments: Since Bitcoin is decentralized, you own it – no authority has the right to take away your Bitcoin. People with concerns about mainstream banking systems unravelling find this a major benefit.
Elimination of Chargebacks: Once Bitcoin is sent, thatโs it – you canโt chargeback, like you would with a credit card payment, which eliminates โchargeback fraudโ often used by criminals and scammers.
Protection Against Inflation: With a fiat currency, the government can print as much money as it desires – this drastically decreases the value of currency, and may result in inflation. In contrast, Bitcoin has a fixed number – after they have all been โminedโ, no more Bitcoins will be created. Scarcity is an important aspect of currency which protects it from inflation.
Ownership of Currency: With Bitcoin, you own your coins. With other forms of digital fiat – such as Paypal – your assets may be held, and your account eventually suspending, locking you out of your earnings. Bitcoin puts you in control.
Is Bitcoin a Commodity, or a Currency?
Bitcoin is both. While it can be used to purchase items from major retailers, itโs also treated as property by government jurisdictions, such as the IRS.
The IRS issued a guide on Bitcoin for tax purposes, stating it will treat virtual currencies as property for federal purposes. They go on to state that:
In some environments, virtual currency operates like โrealโ currency โ i.e., the coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that is designated as legal tender, circulates, and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance โ but it does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction.
The notice provides that virtual currency is treated as property for U.S. federal tax purposes.
Typically, property is almost always something tangible that can be held in the physical realm.
The IRS goes on to state that:
General tax principles that apply to property transactions apply to transactions using virtual currency. Among other things, this means that:
Wages paid to employees using virtual currency are taxable to the employee, must be reported by an employer on a Form W-2, and are subject to federal income tax withholding and payroll taxes.
Payments using virtual currency made to independent contractors and other service providers are taxable and self-employment tax rules generally apply. Normally, payers must issue Form 1099.
The character of gain or loss from the sale or exchange of virtual currency depends on whether the virtual currency is a capital asset in the hands of the taxpayer.
A payment made using virtual currency is subject to information reporting to the same extent as any other payment made in property.
Bitcoin has garnered a lot of attention over the past decade, despite constant declarations of its death – 99 Bitcoins keeps a running tab of โBitcoin obituariesโ.
Despite all of this, Bitcoinโs future has remained bright. Greater adoption rates, and an increasing number of brands accepting the currency (you can get a full list qui) means the long-term view on Bitcoin is that it will see market maturity as time progresses.
Mainstream investing vehicles, such as exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and Futures trading, including Bitcoin will be a major help to reaching that market maturity. Bitcoin Futures are already trading on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), and legislation to create a crypto ETF is in the works.
These securities will help stabilize cryptocurrency prices and mitigate volatility, which will help the publicโs confidence grow in favor of Bitcoin.
Itโs important to understand that, much like the early days of 1992, Bitcoin is a new technology – and new technologies can take decades to reach critical mass.
But, much like the Internet, no one wants to miss out on the โnext big thingโ – and Bitcoin is the biggest thing yet. Constant updates are occurring to Bitcoin thanks to what is called a “hard fork”.
These constant updates ensure that digital currencies continue to experience growth through technological development.
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